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forest 3207 s23 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

oxidation

A

A chemical reaction that involves the combination of oxygen with a compound (common fire definition)

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2
Q

the fire triangle

A

heat, oxygen, fuel

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3
Q

heat (ignition)

A

human (anthropogenic) and
natural (lightning) sources of
ignition

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4
Q

fuels (biomass)

A

produced by photosynthesis and abundant

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5
Q

oxygen

A

our atmosphere is about 21% oxygen

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6
Q

heat

A

measure of energy flow from one object to another

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7
Q

temperature

A

measure of energy within an object–physical property of an object

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8
Q

heat capacity

A

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by a given amount

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9
Q

heat capacity equation

A

q=Cdt

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10
Q

pyrolysis (combustion)

A

reaction in which solid materials, such as organic materials, are converted into gaseous (or liquid) state

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11
Q

combustion steps

A

ignition source (endothermic)
reactant (combustable) -is the fuel
reactant (oxidant) -usually oxygen

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12
Q

heat yield

A

heat of combustion minus heat lost to fuel moisture

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13
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat through solid objects

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14
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by movement of gas or liquid (can be movement of air)

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15
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves

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16
Q

four burning phases

A
  1. preignition
  2. ignition
  3. glowing phase
  4. extinction
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17
Q

preignition

A

heat is added to the system; volatile
components expelled; fuels dry ahead of flames

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18
Q

ignition

A

laming phase of combustion; heat is
generated by the process

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19
Q

glowing phase

A

with high temperatures, materials
continue to be consumed; smoldering

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20
Q

extinction

A

termination of combustion; caused by
consumption of fuels (no fuel), temperatures reduced (no heat), mechanical smothering of fire (no oxygen)

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21
Q

fire behavior triangle

A

topography, weather, fuel

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22
Q

rate of spread

A

-Movement of fire in the horizontal dimension
-Typically described for the head of the fire but applicable to any side (flank or tail)

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23
Q

fireline intensity

A

Measure of energy output per foot section of the fireline per second
i=hwr

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24
Q

flame length

A

distance from the flame tip to the midpoint of
the flame depth

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25
Q

ways to measure fire temp

A

-temp sensitive paints
-thermocouples (the wires)
-ir thermal camera

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26
Q

fuel size and shape

A

-surface area to volume ratio of fuels affects heat transfer to fuel (pre-ignition and combustion)
-affects the moisture levels and retention of fuels

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27
Q

fuel moisture content

A

-the quantity of moisture in fuel expressed as a percentage of the weight when thoroughly dried (oven-dried weight)
-affects rate of ignition and combustion

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28
Q

fuel loading

A

the amount of fuel present expressed quantitatively in terms of weight of fuel per unit area. this may be available fuel
(consumable fuel) or total fuel and is usually dry weight

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29
Q

fuel compactness

A

-spacing between fuel particles
-related to amount of available oxygen for combustion process, heat transfer, surface area available for combustion, etc.

30
Q

horizonal continuity

A

-distribution of fuels at various levels along the horizontal plane
-largely affects how fast/where a fire can spread horizontally
-patchy versus continuous

31
Q

vertical arrangement

A

the distribution and continuity of fuels above the ground in the vertical plane (understory versus crown fire)

32
Q

chemical content

A

the compounds contributing to the fuels often exhibit different combustion properties

33
Q

topography

A

the arrangement of the physical features
of an area

34
Q

aspect

A

direction a slope faces

35
Q

slope

A

steepness of a location

36
Q

slope position

A

where along a hillside a fire occurs (bottom, middle, top)

37
Q

shape of landscape

A

features create different expected behavior

38
Q

elevation

A

affects curing of fuels, oxygen availability, precipitation, etc.

39
Q

northern face

A

Heaviest snows
Highest Moisture
Lowest Temperature
Later Curing of Fuels
Late Snow Melt

40
Q

southern face

A

Lightest Fuels
Lowest Fuel Moisture
Highest Temperature
Earlier Curing of Fuels
Earlier Snow Melt

41
Q

eastern face

A

Fuels Transition
Earlier Heating
Earlier Cooling
Generally Lee Side

42
Q

western side

A

Fuels Transition
Later Heating
Later Cooling
Generally Windward Side

43
Q

slope and fire behavior

A

-rate of spread increases upslope
-upslope fuels pre-heated by radiation

44
Q

narrow or box canyons

A

-enclosed space can retain radiant heat, preheating fuels on all aspects of the canyon at once.
-spotting across the canyon

45
Q

elevation (oxygen)

A

abundance of oxygen decreases with
increasing elevation

46
Q

elevation (fuels)

A

amount of biomass and characteristics,
including fuel moisture, changes

47
Q

elevation (topography)

A

although more variable, narrow canyons and steepness are more common at high elevations

48
Q

barriers

A

an obstruction to the spread of fire (lake, creek, road, ridge, etc.)

49
Q

determining slope% on topo map

A

%slope=(rise/run)*100

50
Q

air pressure

A

the amount of force exerted by the weight of air molecules on a surface area

51
Q

water vapor

A

-water vapor is the gaseous form of water and is extremely important to weather patterns
-forms clouds
-evaporation and condensation

52
Q

temperature and moisture

A

at a given air pressure, warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air

53
Q

temperature

A

temperature is defined as the
measurement of the average kinetic
energy (the energy of motion of air
molecules) in an object or system
and can be measured using a
thermometer

54
Q

dry bulb temp

A

standard measurement of air temp

55
Q

wet bulb temp

A

the lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by evaporation

56
Q

difference between wet and dry bulb temp

A

informs dewpoint and relative humidity

57
Q

dewpoint

A

the temperature to which air must be cooled (at constant pressure) to reach saturation

58
Q

relative humidity

A

the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount the air could hold when saturated at the same temperature and pressure

59
Q

dewpoint and relative humidity relationship

A

for a given dewpoint, relative humidity will decrease as temp. increases

60
Q

saturated air

A

the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and dewpoint will be the same; this will be 100% relative humidity

61
Q

non saturated air

A

dry bulb temperature will ALWAYS be higher than wet bulb and the wet bulb higher than the dewpoint

62
Q

most critical factor affecting fire behavior

A

wind

63
Q

wind direction

A

direction in which the wind blows. ex. a north wind blows north to south

64
Q

general winds

A

do not directly impact fire behavior

65
Q

20ft winds and midflame winds

A

directly affect fire behavior

66
Q

upslope wind

A

-forms in the morning with strong solar heating
-maximum strength and depth reached by late morning

67
Q

upvalley wind

A

-begins to form when the valley floor becomes warmer than the valley walls
-greatest speeds at max heating

68
Q

downslope wind

A

-forms when slopes begin to cool around sunset or under heavy daytime cloud cover
-strongest before midnight

69
Q

downvalley wind

A

-transitions from the weaker downslope wind often by midnight
-strongest on cloudless nights.

70
Q

atmospheric stability

A

the resistance of the atmosphere to vertical motion of air

71
Q

stable atmosphere

A

can limit burning because smoke does not disperse and air movement is limited

72
Q

unstable atmosphere

A

can have greater fire behavior and risk of extreme events

forest 3207 s23 (3 decks)

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