Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the rate of death in a specified population above the expected rate for other populations

A

excess death

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2
Q

referring to any departure from, subjective or objective, a state of physiological or psychological well being

A

morbidity

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3
Q

frequency of the occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval of time (breast cancer mortality rate in 2010)

A

mortality

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4
Q

the number of new cases of diseases during a specified time interval

A

incidence

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5
Q

the number of total cases (new and preexisting) at a specific point in time. usually expressed as a percentage during a specific year

A

prevalence

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6
Q

can be explained by biological differences

A

differences

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7
Q

usually call ethics, equity or social justice into question

A

disparities

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8
Q

similar to disparities, but typically focus on differential access to resources or treatment

A

inequities

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9
Q

similar to disparities, but typically focus on differential access to resources or treatment

A

inequities

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10
Q

refers to an individual’s social and economic standing in society, and is based on access to income, education, assets, power, investments, etc. related terms are social class or socioeconomic position

A

socioeconomic status

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11
Q

an indicator of wealth that refers to cash flow and assets, minus liabilities/debts

A

net worth

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12
Q

an area with a core population of 50,000+ inhabitants

A

Urban(ized) Area

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13
Q

an area with at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people

A

Urban Cluster

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14
Q

county/counties associated with at least one urbanized area. They are larger than cities and are sometimes referred to as regions (e.g., the NY metro region).

A

Metropolitan Statistical Area

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15
Q

County or counties associated with at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 inhabitants

A

Micropolitan Statistical Area

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16
Q

the largest area in a metropolitan or micropolitan area with at least 10,000 inhabitants

A

Principal City

17
Q

all areas outside of an urban area or cluster

A

Rural Area

18
Q

The “White Flight Hypothesis” suggests that Whites’ preferences against integration lead to patterns of migration OUT of integrated neighborhoods into more suburban, predominantly White neighborhoods. This perpetuates residential segregation.

A

White Flight

19
Q

Renovating and revitalizing impoverished neighborhoods in ways that make them more appealing to more affluent (and in many instances, White) residents. This also perpetuates residential segregation.

A

Gentrification

20
Q

Efforts to reduce or control disease/injury before any symptoms exist. The assumption is that the individual does not have a disease/injury, so the focus is on reducing risk and keeping the individual disease/injury free. An example is the use of seatbelts to prevent injuries or death from motor vehicle accidents, or brushing your teeth to prevent cavities.

A

primary prevention

21
Q

Efforts to aid in the early detection or identification of disease or injury, or treatment to prevent further problems. An example would be mammography to detect breast cancer.

A

secondary prevention

22
Q

Efforts are focused on treatment and rehabilitation. This includes medication, surgery and other treatments for current problems, as well as efforts to prevent further problems associated with the disease/injury.

A

tertiary prevention

23
Q

We refer to “isms” throughout this course to describe any kind of discrimination against another person because of a particular characteristic. This may be discrimination due to race or ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, or any other characteristic. When we discuss racism, you will be encouraged to think about how the discussion could also apply to sexism, heterosexism, ageism, or other isms.

A

“isms”

24
Q

These are structures and policies in society that can serve to promote or impede health. Examples include discrimination, housing policies, income/wealth, educational opportunities, or community resources. We will refer to social determinants of health throughout the course to help us focus in on malleable factors that can be improved upon to promote health and reduce disparities.

A

social determinants of health

25
Q

Think about a piece of lined notebook paper. Most of these papers have a margin…the margin is outside of the area where you spend most of your time writing. Use this metaphor to think about marginalized populations. They are historically disadvantaged groups in the U.S. that have been placed in the margins of society due to skin color, language, income, education, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability status, and/or other characteristics.

A

marginalized populations

26
Q

A U.S. policy that threatens deportation for immigrants who do not contribute to society, or are considered a burden on society (e.g., those who do not hold jobs and rely on public welfare for support).

A

public charge

27
Q

(from Merriam-Webster dictionary). “Cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.” This typically increases with the length of residence in a new country.

A

Acculturation

28
Q

Foreign-born populations tend to be healthier than their U.S.-born counterparts, despite the fact that immigrants tend to have a lower socioeconomic status (income and education).

A

immigrant paradox

29
Q

The hypothesis that there is a selection effect that explains better health in immigrants; people who immigrate to the U.S. may have more health advantages, in general, than those who do not immigrate (e.g., health behaviors or even social factors that protect health).

A

Positive immigrant selectivity