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psych 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and neural processes, addressing the full range of human functioning

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2
Q

Nativism

A

Some knowledge is innate - Plato

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3
Q

Empiricism

A

All knowledge is acquired from experience - Aristotle

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

Interested in the structure of the mind, the elements of the mind and their capacities, often gained through introspection

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

Created as an alternative to structuralism, focused on the purpose of the mind’s functions and how the mind reacts to its environment

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6
Q

Hysteria

A

diagnosed in women during days of early clinical psychology, characterized by a loss of mental and physical functioning and emotional distress

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7
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Developed by Freud after studying Hysteria, based upon the idea that unconscious mental processes influence thoughts, feelings, and behavior

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8
Q

Behaviorism

A

Created in response to criticisms of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, focuses upon objective, observable behavior from an outside view

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9
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

In response to behaviorism, focuses on objective but not observable functions (memory, attention, reasoning), that are not explained by behaviorism

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10
Q

Cognitive Psychology and the Development of Computers

A

With the rise of computers, psychologists became to think of the human mind as a computer (experience to cognition to behavior), “software” of the brain

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11
Q

20th century global events shaping psychology

A

1930’s - increasing “human achievement” (strayed into eugenics)
1940’s - cognitive psychology used to increase soldier performance
Post WWII - Psychology around authority, what led people to commit atrocities

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12
Q

Cultural Psychology

A

The study of how cultural influences shape psychological functioning (absolutism: culture has no bearing, relativism: psychological functioning is culture-specific)

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13
Q

Dogmatism

A

Beliefs that persist without or in spite of proof

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14
Q

Empiricism

A

Our knowledge comes through use of the five senses

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15
Q

Theory vs. Hypothesis

A

Hypothesis (testable and falsifiable) is based upon initial theory (hypothetical explanation)

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16
Q

Validity

A

how close is the measure to the subject of interest?

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17
Q

Power of measurement

A

can the measure detect variation?

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18
Q

Reliability

A

How consistent and accurate is the measurement? Is it repeatable?

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19
Q

Positive correlation

A

variables increase or decrease together (+, farther from 0)

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20
Q

Negative correlation

A

variables increase/decrease inversely (-, farther from 0)

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21
Q

Psychological research ethics

A

Safety, confidentiality, use of data, informed consent

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22
Q

Cell body

A

center of neuron, “headquarters”

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23
Q

dendrites

A

receive neurotransmitters

24
Q

axon

A

the path that the signal follows

25
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates the axon, makes the electrical signal more potent

26
Q

Terminal button

A

Release neurotransmitters

27
Q

Vesicle

A

Sacs that carry neurotransmitters

28
Q

Synaptic gap

A

the space between the receiving and sending parts of 2 neurons which neurotransmitters travel between

29
Q

Neuron cycle

A

Resting potential, action potential, and refractory period

30
Q

Serotonin

A

Controls mood, obsessions, compulsions, memory, anxiety

31
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Controls alertness, concentration, energy, attention

32
Q

Dopamine

A

Controls pleasure, motivation, reward systems, sex

33
Q

Triune Brain theory

A

reptilian (survival), limbic brain (feeling), neocortex (rational)

34
Q

Occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

35
Q

parietal lobe

A

processes touch, home to the somatosensory cortex

36
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and auditory processing, forming new memories

37
Q

frontal lobe

A

planning and reasoning, judgement, and self regulation

38
Q

Plasticity

A

The brain is capable of changing and adapting based on need and different environmental factors

39
Q

Connectome

A

All the synapses in the brain, connectome = stream bed and neural activity = water, both shape one another

40
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which we receive physical energy and chemical stimuli

41
Q

Perception

A

Understanding and making sense of stimuli

42
Q

Transduction

A

The process of sensory information making its way into the brain

43
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Getting used to constant sensory stimuli and tuning it out, useful so we don’t have too much to process

44
Q

Top down processing

A

analyzing stimuli by drawing on experience and expectations

45
Q

Bottom up processing

A

analyzing stimuli beginning with sense receptors and working up to brain level

46
Q

Figure-ground principle

A

we recognize figures by distinguishing them from the background

47
Q

Proximity principle

A

we group together things that are near one another

48
Q

Closure principle

A

the brain automatically fills in gaps in figures

49
Q

Similarity Principle

A

The brain groups together things that look alike

50
Q

connectedness principle

A

The brain groups together elements that are connected

51
Q

Continuity principle

A

The brain groups together marks that fall along a smooth curve or straight line

52
Q

Common fate and movement principle

A

when stimuli move together, we perceive them as one thing

53
Q

monocular depth cues

A

cues of depth that can be perceived without the use of both eyes

54
Q

binocular disparity

A

the slight difference between left and right retinal images, letting us see depth

55
Q

change blindness

A

change that goes unnoticed by the observer because they are focusing on something else (map and tourist example)

psych 100 (1 decks)

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