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Neurological Disorders > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lobe of the brain important for auditory information and language comprehension

A

Temporal

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2
Q

Ridge in superior parietal lobe that plays a role in writing

A

Supramarginal Gyrus

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3
Q

Groove that separates temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

A

Lateral sulcus

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4
Q

Area in the left cerebrum important important for motor movements of speech

A

Broca’s area

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5
Q

Separates the two hemispheres of the brain

A

Longitudinal fissure

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6
Q

Region between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area that is vital for language functions

A

Zone of Language

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7
Q

Lobe of the brain important for perception, pressure, touch, etc

A

Parietal

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8
Q

Subcortical structure important for movements and learning

A

Basal ganglia

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9
Q

Area in left cerebrum important for written and spoken language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

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10
Q

Ridge in the temporal lobe important for hearing functions

A

Heschl’s gyrus

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11
Q

Groove that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

Central fissure

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12
Q

Ridges on the surface on the brain

A

Gyrus

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13
Q

Lobe of the brain that plays the role in motor, speech, and language functions

A

Frontal

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14
Q

Lobe of the brain important for vision

A

Occipital

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15
Q

Structure that lies behind the brainstem and coordinates muscle movements

A

Cerebellum

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16
Q

Ridge located in the parietal lobe and plays role in naming, reading, and writing

A

Angular Gyrus

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17
Q

Brain cell, smallest unit of brain

A

Neuron

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18
Q

Central part of neuron surrounded by membrane that nutrients can enter

A

Cell body

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19
Q

Extensions from cell body
Number ranges from 1 to many
RECEIVES info/impulses

A

Dendrite

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20
Q

Long extension from cell body
TRANSMITS info/impulses AWAY from cell body

A

Axons

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21
Q

Junctions on axon that help speed up neural transmission

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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22
Q

Fatty coating on axon
Provides insulation + helps speed up neural transmission

A

Myelin sheath

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23
Q

sends MOTOR signals FROM BRAIN to body (periphery)

A

Efferent neurons

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24
Q

sends SENSORY signals FROM BODY (periphery) to brain

A

Afferent neurons

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25
Q

Communication between two neurons

A

Synapse

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26
Q

Neuron SENDS signals to next neuron

A

Presynaptic neuron

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27
Q

Neuron RECEIVES signal from previous neuron

A

Postsynaptic neuron

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28
Q

Approximately 30
Includes: Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Adrenaline

A

Neurotrasmitter

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29
Q

End portion of neuron

A

Axon Terminal

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30
Q

Tiny pockets on axons that hold neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicles

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31
Q

Gap between axon terminals (or presynaptic neuron) + dendrite (of postsynaptic neuron)

A

Synaptic cleft

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32
Q

Cluster of neuron with CNS

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

Cluster of neurons within PNS

A

Ganglion

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34
Q

Layer of brain consisting of myelinated neurons. White= fatty sheath

A

White matter

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35
Q

Located in lowest part of brainstem

A

Medulla

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36
Q

Functions: contains CN nuclei for CN VIII through XII. Hearing, tongue and palatal functions, breathing, blood pressure, speech movements

A

Medulla

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37
Q

Location: between medulla and midbrain

A

Pons

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38
Q

Functions: CN V, VI, VII.
Facial movements, hearing, balance

A

Pons

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39
Q

Location: uppermost part of brainstem

A

Midbrain

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40
Q

Functions: CN III, IV
Eye movements, postural reflexes, coordination of visual and auditory reflexes

A

Midbrain

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41
Q

Location: behind brainstem
Outer layer of gray matter; inner layer of white matter

A

Cerebellum

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42
Q

Consists of two large lateral hemispheres

A

Cerebellum

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43
Q

Functions: integration and coordination of muscle tone and cognitive functions

A

Cerebellum

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44
Q

Lesions: Ataxia
(lack of coordination and balance)

A

Cerebellum

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45
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of coordination and balance

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46
Q

Location: includes the region within the cerebral hemispheres
Consists of diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus) and basal ganglia

A

Subcortical Gray Matter

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47
Q

important for sensory information/integration, consciousness, attention, memory. not important for eating and appetite

48
Q

Important for motor control and motor integration

A

Basal ganglia

49
Q

Important for voluntary movements

A

Pyramidal system

50
Q

Fine motor control, smooth execution of motor movements

A

Extrapyramidal

51
Q

Includes corpus callosum, cortico-cortical association fibers, cortico-subcortical connections

A

Subcortical White Matter

52
Q

Damage leads to problems in integration of received information

A

Corpus callosum

53
Q

connects left and right hemispheres. important for integration of incoming information and other motor skills.

A

Corpus callosum

54
Q

fibers that connect right frontal lobe to left frontal lobe, and fibers that connect right parietal lobe to left occipital lobe

A

Cortico-cortical association fibers

55
Q

Connects Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area

A

Arcuate fasciculus

56
Q

Damage results in deficits in speech repetition

A

Arcuate fasciculus

57
Q

Area in Frontal cortex. Motor movements for speech.

A

Broca’s area

58
Q

Located behind lateral fissure. Function: auditory and language comprehension

A

Temporal lobe

59
Q

Located in anterior part of brain. Function: motor function including speech and language skills. Landmarks: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe

60
Q

Primary auditory cortex. Located in temporal lobe.

A

Heschl’s gyrus

61
Q

Located in temporal lobe. SPoken and written language comprehension

A

Wernicke’s area

62
Q

Located behind central sulcus. Function: Somatosensory info (pressure, smell, position in space)

A

Parietal lobe

63
Q

Located in parietal lobe. Function: writing

A

Supramarginal gyrus

64
Q

Located in parietal lobe. Function: naming, reading, writing

A

Angular gyrus

65
Q

Located behind parietal lobe.
Function: vision
Landmarks: primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

66
Q

Located in areas supplied by middle cerebral artery and includes portions of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
Posterior boundary: Wernicke’s area (temporal lobe)
Major intersection of multiple overlapping neural networks rather than a single unit

A

Zone of Language

67
Q

Thalamus plays a role in all of the following functions:

A

memories
eating and appetite
feelings

68
Q

Cluster of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system

69
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin

70
Q

Subcortical white-matter pathway that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

Arcuate fasciculus

71
Q

Stores neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicle

72
Q

Analysis and integration of somatosensory information

A

Parietal lobe

73
Q

Analysis of incoming auditory information

A

Temporal lobe

74
Q

Analysis and integration of incoming visual information

A

Occipital lobe

75
Q

Part of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

76
Q

Structure within brainstem most likely associated with functions of hearing and balance

77
Q

Brainstem includes:

A

Reflexes including cough and gag reflex
Cranial nerves that control tongue and pharyngeal movements
Cranial nerves that control facial expressions and eye movements

78
Q

Separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe

A

Sylvian fissure AKA lateral fissure

79
Q

Heschl’s gyrus and Wernicke’s area are located here

A

Temporal lobe

80
Q

T/F damage to temporal lobe may cause fluent aphasia

81
Q

Functions of limbic system

A

memories
different emotions related to one’s thinking
desire to produce language

82
Q

Includes uncus, hippocampus, and mammillary bodies

A

Limbic system

83
Q

Zone of language incorporates areas from

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe

84
Q

Typically separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum and median longitudinal fissure

85
Q

Structure within frontal lobe typically associated with initiation of motor activity

A

Supplementary motor cortex

86
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission

A

Synthesis—Storage—Release—Receptor interaction— Inactivation—Reuptake—Degradation

87
Q

Functions of frontal premotor association cortex

A

Medial frontal area— initiation of motor activity
Dorsal lateral area— working memory
Orbital frontal area— processing of emotions

88
Q

Function of medial frontal area

A

initiation of motor activity

89
Q

Function of dorsal lateral area

A

working memory

90
Q

Functions of orbital frontal area

A

processing of emotions

91
Q

Functions of the basal ganglia

A

Motor integration
Smooth execution of motor movements
Automatic motor movements

92
Q

Most important lobe for speech and cognitive functions

A

frontal lobe

93
Q

Number of lumbar nerves

94
Q

Number of thoracic nerves

95
Q

Number of cervical nerves

96
Q

Recent views of cerebral dominance

A

both hemispheres contribute to different language and non-language functions

97
Q

Prevalence of right and left hemisphere dominance

A

95% of right-handed people are left hemisphere dominant
70% of left-handed people are left hemisphere dominant

98
Q

Non-fluent aphasias

A

Relatively good auditory comprehension
Deficits in language expression

99
Q

Fluent aphasias

A

Deficits in auditory comprehension
Relatively fluent speech

100
Q

Subcortical aphasia

A

Deficits in both expression and comprehension
Severity may vary across subtypes

101
Q

Mixed aphasia

A

presence of two or more aphasias at same time

102
Q

Broca’s aphasia most commonly affected areas

A

Left lateral frontal lobe
Pre-Rolandic area (in front of central sulcus)
Suprasylvian region extending into adjacent subcortical areas

103
Q

Isolated loss of ability to articulate words with intact ability for spoken and written language. Possible symptom of Broca’s aphasia

104
Q

Non-fluent aphasia with intact repetition skills

A

Transcortical Motor Aphasia

105
Q

Transcortical Motor Aphasia most commonly affected blood supply

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Anterior branches of middle cerebral artery (MCA)

106
Q

Most severe form of aphasia with a generalized effect on communication skills.
Deficits in both comprehension and expression
Very limited reading and writing skills

A

Global aphasia

107
Q

Fluent aphasia with deficits in language comprehension
Deficits in understanding individual, isolated spoken words

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

108
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia most commonly affected areas

A

Posterior third of superior temporal gyrus

109
Q

Damage to posterior third of superior temporal gyrus

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

110
Q

Damage to large perisylvian area, extending deep into subjacent white matter

A

Global aphasia

111
Q

Damage to frontal, suprasylvian, pre-Rolandic, extending into adjacent subcortical periventricular white matter

A

Broca’s aphasia

112
Q

Damage to posterior parieto-temporal, sparing Wernicke’s area

A

Transcortical Sensory aphasia

113
Q

Damage to angular gyrus, second temporal gyrus

114
Q

Damage to thalamus, head of caudate nucleus, putamen, or internal capsule

A

Subcortical aphasia

115
Q

Damage to anterior frontal parmedian; anterior and superior to Broca’s area

A

Transcortical Motor aphasia

116
Q

Damage to supramarginal gyrus and underlying white matter pathways; Wernicke’s area; left insula and auditory cortex

A

Conduction aphasia

Neurological Disorders (1 decks)

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