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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three subphyla of the phylum chordata?

A
  • vertebrata
  • urochordata
  • cephalochordata
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2
Q

What 5 characteristics do all Chordata have?

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal hollow nerve tube (DHNT)
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • postanal tail
  • endostyle/thyroid gland
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3
Q

What is the notochord?

A
  • flexible, rod shaped structure running from the head to the tail through the body
  • major muscle attachment point
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4
Q

What does the notochord aid in?

A
  • movement -> it controls forward movement and drives body into substrate
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5
Q

What is the dorsal hollow nerve tube (DHNT)?

A

The basis for the central nervous system (brain and spinal chord

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6
Q

What does the DHNT allow for?

A

Allows response to environment stimuli through increased sensory capabilities

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7
Q

What do the pharyngeal gill slits do?

A
  • allow for “one way” flow of water
  • used for filter feeding
  • particles are captured through gill slits by mucus and cilia that line the structures. mucus then moves into the digestive tract
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8
Q

What does the muscular post-anal tail do?

A
  • increases mobility
  • allows for exploration of new habitats, new foraging opportunities, foraging success, and less predation risk
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9
Q

What does the endostyle/thyroid gland do?

A

Manages iodine metabolism

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10
Q

Why is it hard to tell how/when chordates rose in time?

A

We have a very limited fossil record. Early chordates were only composed of soft tissue which rarely fossilizes

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11
Q

What were the two fossils of early chordates?

A

Yunnanozoan lividum
Pikaia gracitens

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12
Q

Urochordata characteristics

A
  • marine
  • mobile larval stage (free swimming)
  • filter feeders
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13
Q

Cephalochordata characteristics

A
  • marine
  • free-swimming filter feeders as they swim and when immobile in sands
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14
Q

What are the SEVEN living classes of vertebrata?

A
  1. Agnatha
  2. Chondrichthyes
  3. Osteichthyes
  4. Amphibia
  5. Reptilia
  6. Aves
  7. Mammalia
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15
Q

Class Agnatha consists of…

A

Jawless fish (hagfish)

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16
Q

Class Chondrichthyes consists of…

A

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays)

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17
Q

Class Osteichthyes consists of…

A

boney fish

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18
Q

Class Amphibia consists of…

A

Amphibians (salamanders, frogs/toads)

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19
Q

Class Reptilia consists of…

A

Reptiles (crocodiles, snakes, lizards)

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20
Q

Class Aves consists of…

A

Birds

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21
Q

Class Mammalia consists of…

A

mammals

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22
Q

What are the TWO extinct classes of Vertebrata?

A
  • Placodermi
  • Acanthodii
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23
Q

Class Placodermi consists of….

A

Placoderms

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24
Q

Class Acanthodii consists of…

A

Spiny Sharks

25
Q

What FOUR traits are shared by all vertebrates

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. cranium
  3. neural crest cells
  4. duplication of Hox gene complex
26
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A
  • rigid column of individual integrated vertebrae
  • provides structural/stability for body and serves as support
  • protects spinal chord and associated nervous system
27
Q

What is the cranium?

A
  • surrounds and protects the brain
  • protective aspect, allows expansion for brain complexity
28
Q

What are neural crest cells?

A
  • They form when the DHNT sinks into the body, a layer of cells is pinched off, and then they migrate around the vertebrate embryo
  • they drive formation of different cell types
29
Q

What are Hox genes?

A
  • “master genes”/blueprints of body plans
  • serve as transcription factors
  • drives changes/differences in body plan
30
Q

How many hox-gene clusters do non-chordate phyla have?

A

1

31
Q

How many hox-gene clusters do non-vertebrate chordates have?

A

1

32
Q

What are the implications of Hox cluster duplication

A

As the hox numbers rise, it allows vertebrates to overcome genetic constraints of the body plan which allows for a rise in complexity of vertebrates

33
Q

What what Garstang’s hypothesis on larval tunicates?

A

Larval tunicates face two opposing selective pressures that affect their likelihood of reproduction: competition and predation

34
Q

What was the conclusion in saving larvae from predation and competition?

A

Garstang said one way to handle these competing pressures was to develop mature gonads while retaining the ability to keep swimming

35
Q

What did Gans and Northcutt believe?

A

That neural cells drove transition to modern vertebrates

36
Q

What did the NCC do for modern vertebrates?

A
  • provided flexibility in the body
  • increased sensory complexity
  • larger brains
  • developed jaws/teeth
  • powerful pumping throats
37
Q

What do powerful pumping throats do?

A

Benefit feeding and helps increase gas exchange

38
Q

Early pro-vertebrates were…

A

NOT complex at all. Had little/dorsal fin, no teeth or jaws, and a very little post-anal tail

39
Q

Is there evidence for provertebrates?

A

Yes but VERY little due to the soft-tissue. Soft tissue rarely fossilizes

40
Q

What are the four fossils for provertebrates?

A

Haikouella lanceolata
Mylokunmingia fegjiao
Haikouichthys ercaicunensis
Metaspriggina walcotti

41
Q

What structures did the pro-vertebrates have?

A
  • conodont elements
  • teeth
  • large eyes
  • DHNT
  • myomers
  • mouth opening
  • notochord
42
Q

What were the Ostracoderms

A

early jawless fish
- name means “shell skin” which suggests armoring plates on the skin

43
Q

Ostracoderm characteristics

A
  • some dermal armoring
  • vertebrae and cranium
  • mineralized gill supports
  • well developed sensory detection
44
Q

What did ostracoderm armor eventually evolve into and why?

A

They evolved into scales because armoring was very heavy and not flexible which made the organism slow down and use a lot of energy. Scales where less energy expendable

45
Q

Why selection for scales in Ostracoderms?

A
  • lighter and more flexible
  • uses less energy, increases speed and mobility while still retaining protection qualities
46
Q

Pteraspidomorphi (Ostracoderms) characteristics

A
  • mostly marine (mainly benthic)
  • had multiple deep filtering head plates
  • subterminal mouths, dorsal eye placement, dorso-ventrally flattened body
  • negatively boyant
  • heterocercal tail
47
Q

Heterocercal tail

A

bottom lobe is larger than top lobe; pushes and propels fish upwards

48
Q

Benthic

A

living on the bottom; bottom dwelling

49
Q

Pelagic

A

open water; above the ocean floor

50
Q

Anaspida (Ostracoderm) charactersitics

A
  • mostly marine
  • mostly pelagic
  • limited/no armoring on head
  • had cartilaginous ring-held mouth open
  • well developed sensory systems
  • openings in body wall that detect changes in H2O movement/vibrations
  • heterocercal tail
51
Q

Cephalaspidomorphi (Ostracoderm) charactersitics

A
  • marine (mostly benthic)
  • has large, single pieced head shield
  • paired fin- like projections/lobes to act as stabilizers while swimming
  • well developed sensory structures
52
Q

Thelodonti (Ostracoderm) characteristics

A
  • mostly marine (mainly palagic)
  • tooth-like scales on body
  • paired fin-like extensions for stability
53
Q

Hagfish (Myxini) facts

A
  • 76 species (many near endangered or are endangered)
  • strictly in deepwater ocean
  • body size 18-127 cm
  • skin is scaleless, smooth skin
  • isotonic to water
54
Q

what sensory systems do hagfish have?

A
  • a single nostril/olfactory sac (associated with chemosensory abilities)
  • tentacles (touch)
  • vision (two eye spots; suggests that there might have been a well developed visual system)
  • vibration detection (lateral lines only on the head)
55
Q

feeding abilities of hagfish?

A
  • feed off dead/rotting corpses
  • eat live prey
  • absorb amino acids through water across skin and gills
56
Q

type of teeth hagfish have?

A

lingual teeth on their tongue
- can tear off chunks of flesh from corpses or grab live prey and drag out of its burrow to eat

57
Q

what about the mucus produced from a hagfish?

A
  • acts as an anti-predator/lubricant for burrowing
  • can rapidly produce huge amounts
  • releases a small peptide to gel/solidify seawater
58
Q

food digestion of a hagfish

A
  • digestive tract secretes a semi-permeable mucosal bag
  • digests the food -> desirable nutrients diffuse out of the bag
  • harmful waste stays in the bag
59
Q

circulatory system of a hagfish?

A

OPEN circulatory system
- deoxygenated blood empties into cavities

Vertebrate Zoology (2 decks)

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