exam 1 Flashcards
macromolecules and cellular function: fuels
carbs, lipids, proteins
macromolecules and cellular function: energy stores
carbs, lipids, proteins
macromolecules and cellular function: structural molecules
carbs, lipids, proteins
macromolecules and cellular function: facilitation of chemical reactions
proteins (enzymes)
macromolecules and cellular function: cellular movement
proteins
macromolecules and cellular function: storage, transmission, interpretation of genetic info
nucleic acids
macromolecules and cellular function: chemical signals
proteins, lipids (steroids)
bond between monosaccharides to form polysaccharide
glycosidic linkage
adipocytes
special cells in which animals can store energy lipids
bond between glycerol and fatty acids to form triglyceride
ester linkage
structure of phospholipid (head down)
choline, phosphate, glycerol, fatty acids
bond between amino acids to form polypeptide
peptide bond
structure of amino acids
alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R group
bonds found in proteins to allow complex folding
ionic bonds (+/- side chains), H bonds (polar side chains), hydrophobicity (side chains away from water), van der Waal’s forces (neighboring groups), covalent disulfide bonds (-SH side chains)
bond between nucleotides to make nucleic acids (polynucleotides)
linked by phosphate group and pentose sugar
nucleotide vs nucleoside
nucleoside has no phosphate group
magnification
ratio of size of image of object and its actual size
resolution
shortest distance between 2 points that can be differentiated
immunocytochemistry
use of antibodies that can detect specific proteins, often combined w fluorescent masker to reveal where cell in specific protein is located
parts of plant cell not in animal cell
cell wall, plasmodesmata, chloroplast, central vacuole
parts of animal cell not in plant cell
centrosome, flagellum, lysosome
benefits of compartmentalization
pH - allows enzymes to function efficiently
ionic gradients - generation of ATP mitochondrion
spatial arrangment of enzymes - allows enzymes to be close to one another if part of same process
cell organelle processes: info storage, processing, execution
nucleus
cell organelle processes: protein, carb, and lipid biosynthesis
endomembrane system
cell organelle processes: energy storage
lipid and polysaccharide granules (glycogen, starch)
cell organelle processes: energy metabolism
chloroplast and mitochondrion
cell organelle processes: structural and transport functions
cytoskeleton, plasma membrane
plasma membrane
selectively permeable bilayer w proteins in and around it, surrounds all structures of all cells, interface for information reception from outside of cell, maintains rather constant internal environment and distinct chemical and structural environments
nucleus
largest organelle, contains most of DNA required for normal cell function, processes instructions that allow a cell to differentiate into one cell type or another, surrounded by nuclear envelope (double folded plasma membrane bounded inside by nuclear lamina, has nuclear pores to allow things in)
nucleolus
consists of ribosomes and RNA, site of synthesis of ribosomes
chromatin
consists of DNA and its associated proteins (histones and regulatory proteins)
endoplasmic reticulum
network of interconnected membrane enclosed sacs throughout cytoplasm, folded into series of tubules (cisternae), internal compartment (lumen) is called cisternal space and has distinct protein and ion composition from rest of cell, important for protein synthesis
rough er
has ribosomes attached (synthesize polypeptides), directed to either er’s cisternal space (modified to change folding and/or have carb groups added (glycoproteins) to begin protein maturation) or incorporated into er membrane, some proteins are secreted out of the cell, some go to the Golgi apparatus
ribosomes
found in cytoplasm, bound to er, and in mitochondria and chloroplasts, they are the sites of protein synthesis
smooth er
important reservoir for calcium ions, in liver it is important for synthesis + hydrolysis of glycogen and is the site for drug detoxification, and it synthesizes cholesterol and steroids, also synthesizes phospholipids
Golgi apparatus
production and functional maturation of proteins and some polysaccharides, similar structurally to smooth er, stacked discs or sacs (cisternae), receives transport vesicles from rer on its cis face and processed material leaves at trans, it has polarity, two main products are lysosomes and secretory vesicles
where do newly synthesized proteins go?
released outside cell, inserted into cell membrane, remain in cytoplasm as soluble proteins, maintain organelle function
lysosome
pH 5 environment enzymes for digestion of all major macromolecules, recycle cell organelles through autophagy and digests food brought into cell through phagocytosis
mitochondria
can move around cell and divide, has own ribosomes and DNA to synthesize own proteins, found in almost all euk cells, outer smooth membrane and inner membrane with folds (cristae), rest is made up of matrix w enzymes used for cellular respiration
chloroplast
can move around cell and divide, has own ribosomes and DNA to synthesize own proteins, responsible for photosynthesis in plants, has double membrane and matrix (stroma), has series of discs (thylakoids) stacked into grana, chlorophyll in thylakoids
cytoskeleton
maintains cell chape, provides support and anchoring for organelles, provides mechs for cell and organism movement, provides tracks for motor proteins to move materials and organelles w/in cells, three types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
microtubules (tubulin polymers)
hollow tubes, maintains cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements, structural components of cilia and flagella
microfilaments (actin filaments)
two intertwined strands of actin, maintains cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division
intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, maintains cell shape, anchors nucleus and other organelles, forms nuclear lamina
centrosome
made up of two perpendicular tubes made of microtubules, important for cell division
tight junction
belt around cells, tight junction proteins seal the gaps to prevent loss of fluid and ions
desmosome
anchors between cells
gap junction
linkage btwn cytoplasmic compartments of two cells, connexon proteins form tube between cells, important for communication
gap junction
linkage btwn cytoplasmic compartments of two cells, connexon proteins form tube between cells, important for communication
plant cell walls
thin primary, middle sticky lamella, thick and rigid secondary, cellulose is primary component, linked by cytoplasmic bridges (plasmodesmata)
functions of membrane proteins
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
contractile vacuole
evolutionary adaptation for osmoregulation
central vacuole
maintains turgor in plant cell w osmoregulation
molecules that act as signals
amino acids and their derivatives, steroids, peptides, and proteins
molecules that act as signals
amino acids and their derivatives, steroids, peptides, and proteins
key second messengers
cyclic AMP (G-protein-linked receptors), calcium ions (enter cell through facilitated diffusion or by releasing internal stores, exits cytoplasm out of cell or into mitochondria or into smooth er), and IP3 (can release internal calcium stores by being involved in G-protein-linked receptor cascade w/o cAMP)
