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Bisc 220 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: fuels

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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2
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: energy stores

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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3
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: structural molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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4
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: facilitation of chemical reactions

A

proteins (enzymes)

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5
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: cellular movement

A

proteins

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6
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: storage, transmission, interpretation of genetic info

A

nucleic acids

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7
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: chemical signals

A

proteins, lipids (steroids)

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8
Q

bond between monosaccharides to form polysaccharide

A

glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

adipocytes

A

special cells in which animals can store energy lipids

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10
Q

bond between glycerol and fatty acids to form triglyceride

A

ester linkage

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11
Q

structure of phospholipid (head down)

A

choline, phosphate, glycerol, fatty acids

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12
Q

bond between amino acids to form polypeptide

A

peptide bond

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13
Q

structure of amino acids

A

alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R group

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14
Q

bonds found in proteins to allow complex folding

A

ionic bonds (+/- side chains), H bonds (polar side chains), hydrophobicity (side chains away from water), van der Waal’s forces (neighboring groups), covalent disulfide bonds (-SH side chains)

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15
Q

bond between nucleotides to make nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

A

linked by phosphate group and pentose sugar

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16
Q

nucleotide vs nucleoside

A

nucleoside has no phosphate group

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17
Q

magnification

A

ratio of size of image of object and its actual size

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18
Q

resolution

A

shortest distance between 2 points that can be differentiated

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19
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

use of antibodies that can detect specific proteins, often combined w fluorescent masker to reveal where cell in specific protein is located

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20
Q

parts of plant cell not in animal cell

A

cell wall, plasmodesmata, chloroplast, central vacuole

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21
Q

parts of animal cell not in plant cell

A

centrosome, flagellum, lysosome

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22
Q

benefits of compartmentalization

A

pH - allows enzymes to function efficiently
ionic gradients - generation of ATP mitochondrion
spatial arrangment of enzymes - allows enzymes to be close to one another if part of same process

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23
Q

cell organelle processes: info storage, processing, execution

A

nucleus

24
Q

cell organelle processes: protein, carb, and lipid biosynthesis

A

endomembrane system

25
Q

cell organelle processes: energy storage

A

lipid and polysaccharide granules (glycogen, starch)

26
Q

cell organelle processes: energy metabolism

A

chloroplast and mitochondrion

27
Q

cell organelle processes: structural and transport functions

A

cytoskeleton, plasma membrane

28
Q

plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable bilayer w proteins in and around it, surrounds all structures of all cells, interface for information reception from outside of cell, maintains rather constant internal environment and distinct chemical and structural environments

29
Q

nucleus

A

largest organelle, contains most of DNA required for normal cell function, processes instructions that allow a cell to differentiate into one cell type or another, surrounded by nuclear envelope (double folded plasma membrane bounded inside by nuclear lamina, has nuclear pores to allow things in)

30
Q

nucleolus

A

consists of ribosomes and RNA, site of synthesis of ribosomes

31
Q

chromatin

A

consists of DNA and its associated proteins (histones and regulatory proteins)

32
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of interconnected membrane enclosed sacs throughout cytoplasm, folded into series of tubules (cisternae), internal compartment (lumen) is called cisternal space and has distinct protein and ion composition from rest of cell, important for protein synthesis

33
Q

rough er

A

has ribosomes attached (synthesize polypeptides), directed to either er’s cisternal space (modified to change folding and/or have carb groups added (glycoproteins) to begin protein maturation) or incorporated into er membrane, some proteins are secreted out of the cell, some go to the Golgi apparatus

34
Q

ribosomes

A

found in cytoplasm, bound to er, and in mitochondria and chloroplasts, they are the sites of protein synthesis

35
Q

smooth er

A

important reservoir for calcium ions, in liver it is important for synthesis + hydrolysis of glycogen and is the site for drug detoxification, and it synthesizes cholesterol and steroids, also synthesizes phospholipids

36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

production and functional maturation of proteins and some polysaccharides, similar structurally to smooth er, stacked discs or sacs (cisternae), receives transport vesicles from rer on its cis face and processed material leaves at trans, it has polarity, two main products are lysosomes and secretory vesicles

37
Q

where do newly synthesized proteins go?

A

released outside cell, inserted into cell membrane, remain in cytoplasm as soluble proteins, maintain organelle function

38
Q

lysosome

A

pH 5 environment enzymes for digestion of all major macromolecules, recycle cell organelles through autophagy and digests food brought into cell through phagocytosis

39
Q

mitochondria

A

can move around cell and divide, has own ribosomes and DNA to synthesize own proteins, found in almost all euk cells, outer smooth membrane and inner membrane with folds (cristae), rest is made up of matrix w enzymes used for cellular respiration

40
Q

chloroplast

A

can move around cell and divide, has own ribosomes and DNA to synthesize own proteins, responsible for photosynthesis in plants, has double membrane and matrix (stroma), has series of discs (thylakoids) stacked into grana, chlorophyll in thylakoids

41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

maintains cell chape, provides support and anchoring for organelles, provides mechs for cell and organism movement, provides tracks for motor proteins to move materials and organelles w/in cells, three types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

42
Q

microtubules (tubulin polymers)

A

hollow tubes, maintains cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements, structural components of cilia and flagella

43
Q

microfilaments (actin filaments)

A

two intertwined strands of actin, maintains cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division

44
Q

intermediate filaments

A

fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, maintains cell shape, anchors nucleus and other organelles, forms nuclear lamina

45
Q

centrosome

A

made up of two perpendicular tubes made of microtubules, important for cell division

46
Q

tight junction

A

belt around cells, tight junction proteins seal the gaps to prevent loss of fluid and ions

47
Q

desmosome

A

anchors between cells

48
Q

gap junction

A

linkage btwn cytoplasmic compartments of two cells, connexon proteins form tube between cells, important for communication

49
Q

gap junction

A

linkage btwn cytoplasmic compartments of two cells, connexon proteins form tube between cells, important for communication

50
Q

plant cell walls

A

thin primary, middle sticky lamella, thick and rigid secondary, cellulose is primary component, linked by cytoplasmic bridges (plasmodesmata)

51
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

52
Q

contractile vacuole

A

evolutionary adaptation for osmoregulation

53
Q

central vacuole

A

maintains turgor in plant cell w osmoregulation

54
Q

molecules that act as signals

A

amino acids and their derivatives, steroids, peptides, and proteins

55
Q

molecules that act as signals

A

amino acids and their derivatives, steroids, peptides, and proteins

56
Q

key second messengers

A

cyclic AMP (G-protein-linked receptors), calcium ions (enter cell through facilitated diffusion or by releasing internal stores, exits cytoplasm out of cell or into mitochondria or into smooth er), and IP3 (can release internal calcium stores by being involved in G-protein-linked receptor cascade w/o cAMP)

Bisc 220 (1 decks)

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