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BIO 205 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Microbiology

A

The study of organisms too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

What year were microbes first observed?

A

1674

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3
Q

Who first observed microbes

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Who developed the taxonomic system

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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5
Q

What categories are in the taxonomic system?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Helminths, Fungi, Algae

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6
Q

Virus

A

A cellular microorganism not composed of cells Consists of proteins and genetic material

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7
Q

Yeasts

A

Single cell organism that converts sugar into alcohol

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8
Q

Mold

A

A fungus

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9
Q

Epidemiology

A

The method used to find causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations

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10
Q

Control organisms

A

To inhibit or prevent growth of microorganisms

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11
Q

Immune response

A

the way the body defends itself against substances it sees as harmful or foreign.

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12
Q

Protozoans

A

A group of single celled eukaryotes, free living or parasitic

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13
Q

Helminths

A

Large multicellular parasitic worms

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14
Q

Who discovered viruses? (2 scientists)

A

Dmitri Ivanvsky
Martinus Beijernck

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15
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

The theory that living things can arise fromnonliving matter (widely accepted for 2000 yrs when aristotle first came up w idea)

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16
Q

Which scientists were involved in research on spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi

A

Francesco Redi- Three flasks w meat. One unsealed, one sealed and one covered w gauze. The unsealed had maggots, covered w gauze had maggots the sealed had no magggots (disproving spontaneous generation)

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17
Q

Which scientists were involved in research on spontaneous generation
John T. Needham

A

Boiled broth for 1 min, sealed one flask w loose cork, one left unsealed, bacteria grew in both flasks. (supported spontaneous generation)

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18
Q

Which scientists were involved in research on spontaneous generation
Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

Boiled gravy in two flasks. one completely sealed and the other open. open flask ad microorganisms and sealed flask had no microorganisms (did not support spontaneous generation)

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19
Q

Which scientists were involved in research on spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur

A

Created the swan flask expirement. Pasteur boiled the item and steam escaped from the open end of the swan neck flask. the item sat in the flask and no microbes appeared, months later still no growth and dust from the air settles into bend of neck. Pasteur tilts the flask and hours later microbes appear in the liquid

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20
Q

What is fermentation

A

The conversion of sugar into alcohol (beer, wine) and into acids (lactic acid, acetic acid, wine spoiler)
Some believed air caused fermentation others insisted living organisms caused fermentation.
Fermentation was not brought out by living organism VS. something living in wine cause fermentation.

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21
Q

Who did research on fermentation

A

Louis Pasteur

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22
Q

What research did louis Pasteur conduct to understand fermentation.
1st experiment

A

Hypothesis- Spontaneous fermentation occuurs
Day1: a flask of grape juice is heated sufficeiently to kill all microbes. Flask is sealed and by day 2 there is no fermentation and juice is free of microbes

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23
Q

What research did louis Pasteur conduct to understand fermentation.
1st experiment

A

Hypothesis- spontaneous fermentation occurs. Day 1: A flask of grape juice is heated sufficiently to kill all microbes. Flask is sealed and by day 2 there is no fermentation and juice is free of microbes

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24
Q

What research did louis Pasteur conduct to understand fermentation.
2nd experiment

A

Hypothesis- Air ferments grape juice. Day 1 a flask of g rape juice is heated to kill all microbes. The flask remains open to air via a curved neck. No fermentation; juice remains free of microbes

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25
Q

What research did louis Pasteur conduct to understand fermentation.
3rd experiment

A

Hypothesis- Bacteria ferment grape juice into alcohol. Day 1 flask of grape juice is heated to kill all microbes. Juice in a flask is inoculated with bacteria and sealed. Day 2 Bacteria reproduce and acids are produced.

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26
Q

What research did louis Pasteur conduct to understand fermentation.
4th experiment

A

Yeasts ferment grape juice into alcohol: Day 1: grape juice is heated in a flask to kill all microbes. Juice in flask is inoculated with yeast and sealed. Day 2 Yeasts reproduce, alcohol is produced

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27
Q

Who first postulated that microorganisms could cause disease

A

Pasteur

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28
Q

Who developed the germ theory of disease

A

Pasteur
“if microbes spoil wine, can they spoil us?”
So pathogens- germs (infectious agent) cause disease

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29
Q

Who theorized that specific microbes cause a specific disease?

A

Robert Koch
Developed the experimental steps to demonstrate that bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. “won” race against pasteur

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30
Q

What are the fpur steps Robert Koch outlined to deduce what microbe causes what disease

A
  1. Pathogen found in every case of the disease, not in halthy subject (find a pathogen in a sick rat)
  2. Pathogen must be isolated and grown in culture
  3. Inoculate the pure culture into a healthy subject to produce the same disease
  4. The same pathogen must be recovered from the inoculated animal
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31
Q

What did Christian Gram contribute to the field of microbiology?

A

Christian gram developed hte technique of gram staining.
Gram +
Gram -

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32
Q

Semmelweis

A

Handwashing- OB/GYN advocated handwashing to prevent childbed fever in OB patients

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33
Q

Lister

A

Antiseptic technique

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34
Q

Nightingale

A

Nursing- antisepsis and aseptic technique

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35
Q

Snow

A

Infection control and epidemiology

36
Q

Jenner’s

A

Vaccine- field of immunology
developed vaccinations by inoculating a person w cowpox virus

37
Q

Erlich

A

Magic bullet- chemotherapy (antibiotics)

38
Q

What 5 questions moved the modern age of microbiology

A
  1. What are the chemical reactions of life
  2. How do genes work
  3. What role does microbiology play in the enviorment
  4. How do we defend against diseases
  5. What will the future hold
39
Q

List four (4) future questions microbiologists may need to consider.

A

How can we develop successful program to control or eradicate diseases such as TB, malaria and covid 19

-How can we reduce the threat from microbes resistants

-How can the understanding of microbial communities help us understand the positive aspects in preventing and curing diseases (ie. probiotics)

40
Q

What unit to we use to measure viruses and bacteria

A
41
Q

List and briefly describe the four (4) general principles important to the workings of a microscope.

A
42
Q

List and briefly describe the four (4) general principles important to the workings of a microscope.

A
43
Q

List and briefly describe the four (4) general principles important to the workings of a microscope.

A
44
Q

List and briefly describe the four (4) general principles important to the workings of a microscope.

A
45
Q

List the microscopes we discussed in class. Explain the benefits of each. Which microscope do we use in the lab?

A

Light microscope
Bright field
Background is illuminated,
Simple (one lens) Compound (series of lenses for magnification)
Most have condenser (directs light through specimen)
Light passes through specimen into objective lens
Have one or two ocular lenses (mono or binocular)

Electron microscope
Have greater resolving power and magnification than light microscopes.
Light microscopes are limited to wavelength of light
Two types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

46
Q

List the steps taken to prepare a specimen for staining.

A

1.) Make a smear- take bacteria and transfer on slide.
2.) Air dry
3.) Heat fix smear-

47
Q

How do stains work in general?.

A

Dyes used as stains are salts (ions)
Chromophore is the colored portion (ion) of the salt
Acidic dyes (neg.) stain alkaline (pos.) structures
Basic dyes (pos.) stain acidic (neg.) structures
More common because most cells are negatively charged

48
Q

Name and describe the differential and specific stains that we work with in microbiology and explain how each stain works?

A

Simple stains- composed of single dye
Involve soaking smear in dye or 30-60 seconds and rinsing with water
Examples: Methyl blue and crystal violet

49
Q

Name and describe the differential and specific stains that we work with in microbiology and explain how each stain works?

A

Differential stains- use more than one dye so that different cells, chemicals or structures can be distinguished (differentiated)

50
Q

Name and describe the differential and specific stains that we work with in microbiology and explain how each stain works?

A

Gram stain: used to differentiate between gram+ and gram- bacteria
Stains the bacteria, fixing the color w ordorant, decolorizing the cells and applying counterstain

51
Q

Name and describe the differential and specific stains that we work with in microbiology and explain how each stain works?

A

Acid-fast stain
Used for cells of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia that cause human diseases (tuberculosis, leprosy, lung and skin infections)
These bacteria have waxy lipids in their cells so do not stain readily with gram stain
Sample is placed on a glass slide, stained and heated. The cells in the sample hold onto the dye.

52
Q

Name and describe the differential and specific stains that we work with in microbiology and explain how each stain works?

A

Endospore stain
Dormant stain
Some organisms are Bacillus and Clostridium causing diseases like anthrax, gangrene and tetanus
Result: Green stained endospore, red colored vegetative cell

53
Q

Name and describe the differential and specific stains that we work with in microbiology and explain how each stain works?

A

Negative (capsule) stain

54
Q

Who is the father of taxonomy? Describe the rules he proposed for naming organisms.

A

Father of taxonomy: Carolus Linnaeus (1753)
His system classified organisms based on characteristics in common (organized them)
Grouped organisms that can successfully interbreed into categories called species

Rules:
Each living organism has two names, genus and species
Latin or latinized names
Genus always a noun, capitalized and written first
Specific epithet (species) usually adjective, all lowercase and written last
Two-part name must be underlined or italicized
Ex: Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureus

55
Q

Who came up with the 3 domain classfication system

A

Carl Woese

56
Q

What molecule did Carl Woese use as a basis for comparison

A

Nucleotide sequences of rRNA in ribosomes

57
Q

What are the 3 domains

A

Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

58
Q

Eukarya

A

Eucaryotes (nucleus and other membrane bound organelles)
Unicellular or multicellular
Large cells (10-100 nanometers)
4 classic kingdoms of eukaryotes based on cel wall and metabolism (anamalia, plantae, fungi anad protista)

59
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Unicellular
Small cells (0.1-5 micrometers)
Classified by cell wall, shaoe, stain, and biochemical properties

60
Q

Archaea

A

Extremophiles (require extreme conditions to exist)
Halophiles:
Depend on greater than 9% NaCI to maintain integrity of cell walls
Thermophiles:
DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes and proteins do not function properly below 45 C
Methanogens:
Largest group of archaea
One of the primary sources of environmental methane
converts carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas and organic acids to methane gas

61
Q

List and clearly describe the four (4) lab-based methods used in identifying microorganisms.
a. Give an example of when and why each is used.

A
62
Q

What is a dichotomous key? How is it used?

A

Method of organizing various techniques used to identify bacteria

Morphology: cocci, rods, spirals

Differential stains: Gram stain, acid-fast stain

Biochemical tests: Determines presence of bacterial enzymes

Bacterial Cell Shape:

Coccus (spherical/round)

Bacillus (cylindrical/rod)

Spirillum (Helical/corkscrew)

Single-single

Diplo-double

Staphylo- clusters

Strepto- chains

63
Q

List and describe the four (4) common processes necessary for life.

A

Growth-increases size

Reproduction- increases in number

Responsiveness- changes as a reaction to changing conditions

Metabolism- the ability of organisms to take nutrients in a series of controlled chemical reactions to provide energy to grow

64
Q

List the basic differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
PROKARYOTES

A

-before nucleus
-no nuclear envelope
-two groups (taxa) domain bacteria and domain archaea
-lack membrane-bound organelles
-typically between .1 and 5 nanometer in diameter

65
Q

List the basic differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
EUKARYOTES

A

-Come from the Greek words for “true nucleus”
-Have a nucleus (nuclear membrane)
-Have membrane bound organelles
-Includes: algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals
-Ar typically 10-100 nanometers in diameter
-Domain Eukarya

66
Q

Why are flagella important to bacteria

A

Flagella cilia (thread like appendages extending from the surfaces of microbes) is important to bacteria because they help with movement (rotation propels bacterium through environment)
Bacteria moves in response to stimuli
Runs and tumbles

67
Q

Why are fimbria important to bacteria

A

Fimbriae: sticky, bristle-like projections, used by bacteria to adhere to one another, their host and/or substances in environment (neisseria gonorrhea and reproductive tract)
Can be used in movement and shorter than flagella

68
Q

Why are Pili important to bacteria

A

Pili: Special type of fimbria
Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
Bacteria typically have only one or two per cell
Transfer DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)

69
Q

Describe the two (2) types of glycocalyces that can be present in bacteria.

A

Capsule and slime layer

70
Q

Compare cell wall structure between Gram + and Gram – bacteria.

A

Gram +
Thock layer of peptidoglycan
No periplasmic space
Teichoic acids
No outer membrane

Gram -
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
Periplasmic space
No teichoic acids
Outer phospholipoid membrane

71
Q

Describe the plasma membrane of bacteria.

A
72
Q

List and describe the transport that takes place across the plasma membrane of a bacteria cell.

A
73
Q

Beside transport, what else happens across the plasma membrane of bacteria cells?

A
74
Q

What are endospores? Why are they important?

A
75
Q

List the important structures found in the cytoplasm of a bacteria cell that we discussed in class.
What is the function of each of these structures?

A
76
Q
  1. Think about the external structures, cell wall, plasma membrane and cytoplasm structures differences between bacteria and eukaryotes. Think about how we can use these structural differences to control bacterial infections (kill the bacteria) without harming us (their eukaryotic host).
    After you thought about this, outline two structures differences between bacteria and us (eukaryotes host). How can we use these differences to destroy bacteria but not harm us (their host)?
A
77
Q

Describe the endosymbiotic theory.

A

The endosymbiotic theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a proto-eukaryotic cell.

78
Q

Define metabolism.

A

Chemical reaction that changes cells into energy
Catabolic pathway- breakdown of complex molecules ie. respiration
Anabolic pathway- building of complex molecules ie. photosynthesis

79
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones

80
Q

Describe the two possible pathway types. Give one (1) example of each type.

A

Catabolic pathway- breakdown of complex molecules to simple, energy-releasing (exergonic) (Respiration is a type of catabolic pathway)

Anabolic pathway- synthesis reactions, simple molecules to complex. energy - using(endergonic) (photosynthesis is a type of anabolic pathway)

81
Q

Explain the important role oxidation/reduction reactions, ATP and enzymes play in metabolism.

A

Oxidation reduction reactions transfer electrons (energy) from one molecule to another

Oxidation: is Loss of electrons
Reduction: is Gain of electrons

Energy is released and stored as ATP (ATP=Energy)
Enzymes: Speeds up reactions

82
Q

List and COMPLETELY describe aerobic respiration

A
83
Q

List and COMPLETELY describe fermentation

A
84
Q

Be sure to include ALL reaction pathways (there are four) for aerobic respiration and both types of fermentation.

A
85
Q

Know the beginning and end products generated in each pathway.

A

Glycolysis: Takes place in cytosol 2 ATP + 2NADH

Kreb’s: Takes place in the matrix 2 GTP (ATP) + 6NADH + 2FADH2

Pyruvate Oxidation: Takes place in the matrix 2NADH

Oxidative phosphorylation (Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis): takes place across the inner mitochondrial membrane):

86
Q

Compare anaerobic to aerobic respiration.

A
87
Q

Describe lipid and protein catabolism.

A

BIO 205 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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