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cell and molecular bio > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space

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2
Q

elements

A

pure substance that cannot be broken down

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3
Q

most common elements

A

O, C, H, N

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4
Q

Least common elements

A

phosphorus, sulfur

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5
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of an element

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6
Q

proton

A

located in nucleus
positive
1 amu

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7
Q

Neutron

A

located in nucleus
no charge
1 amu

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8
Q

Electron

A

located in orbitals/ electron
negative (-)
0

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

of protons

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10
Q

atomic weight/mass

A

of protons and neutrons

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11
Q

do atoms have the same number of protons/ neutrons

A

most of the time they do

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12
Q

isotope

A

change in the number of neutrons

atomic # doesn’t change
atomic weight/mass does change

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13
Q

valenece electrons

A

electrons found in the outermost shell

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14
Q

what is special about the noble gasses

A

have full outer shells

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15
Q

Molecular weight

A

sum of atomic weights of all atoms

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16
Q

chemical reactions

A

involve making and breaking of chemical bonds

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17
Q

reactants

A

materials going into a reaction

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18
Q

products

A

materials coming out of a reaction

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19
Q

covalent bonds

A

between non-metal atoms

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20
Q

ionic bonds

A

between metal & non-metal atom

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21
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

between molecules

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22
Q

van der Waal’s bonds

A

between electrons

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23
Q

covalent bonds sharing what?

A

shares pairs of electrons between atoms in outer shell

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24
Q

non-polar covalent bonds

A

electrons are equally shared between 2 identical atoms

strongest type of bond

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25
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

shared unequally between 2 different atoms
positive and negative poles

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26
Q

ionic bonds

A

one metal atom giving electrons to another non-metal atom

results in ions

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27
Q

ions

A

atom gained or lost whole e-

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28
Q

cation

A

atom loses electron
+ charged

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29
Q

anion

A

atom that gains electrons
-charged

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30
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

bonds between adjacent molecules

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31
Q

are hydrogen bonds weak or strong

A

weak bonds

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32
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

interaction between electrons

areas have slightly differing charge

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33
Q

water

A

collection, evaporation, condensation, precipitation

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34
Q

water is what type of molecule

A

polar molecule

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35
Q

what type of bonds from between water molecules

A

hydrogen bonds

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36
Q

what bonds are within water

A

polar covalent bonds

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37
Q

true or false: frozen water is less dense than liquid water

A

true

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38
Q

what temp does water boil at (Celsius)

A

100

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39
Q

what temp does water freeze at (Celsius)

A

0

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40
Q

what temp is water densest at?

A

4

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41
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules attract each other through h-bonds

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42
Q

adhesion

A

water moles attract other polar molecules through H- bonds

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43
Q

capillary action

A

water moves up a small tube against gravity

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44
Q

what plant structure helps move water from the roots

A

xylem

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45
Q

solution

A

a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances

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46
Q

solvent

A

fluid that does dissolving

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47
Q

solute

A

substance that Is dissolving

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48
Q

aqueous solution

A

solution using water as the solvent

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49
Q

hydration shell

A

continuous cluster if water molecules surrounding and attached to some other substance

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50
Q

hydrophilic

A

likes water

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51
Q

hydrophobic

A

does not like water

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52
Q

amphipathic

A

substance with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics

53
Q

hydronium ions

A

extra H+
more acidic

54
Q

hydroxide ions

A

OH- concentration= more basic

55
Q

pH of a solution

A

defined by the negative logarithm of H+

pH= -log[H+]

56
Q

basic (alkaline)

A

pH higher than 7.0
low H+ concentration
high OH- concentration

57
Q

neutral

A

pH= 7.0
Equal H+ and OH-

58
Q

Acidic

A

pH lower than 7.0
high H+ (H30+)
Low OH-

59
Q

Acidosis

A

pH< 7.35= blood becomes acidic

60
Q

alkalosis

A

pH> 7.45 = blood becomes basic

61
Q

buffer

A

molecule that prevents extreme changes in pH in an aqueous solution

62
Q

carbon

A

the backbone of the most biological molecules

63
Q

hydrocarbons

A

organic compounds composed of carbon

64
Q

carbohydrate

A

carbon and water compounds

65
Q

CHO ratio

A

1:2:1

66
Q

monosaccharides

A

contains 3-7 carbon atoms; simple sugar

67
Q

isomers

A

same chemical formula but different structures

68
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined together

69
Q

polysaccharide

A

3+ monosaccharides joined together

70
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of carbon containing compounds

71
Q

functional groups

A

common groups of atoms attached to organic molecules

72
Q

7 functional groups

A
  1. methyl group
    hydroxyl group
    carbonyl group
    carboxyl group
    amino group
    sulfhydryl group
    phosphate group
73
Q

methyl

A

CH3

74
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

OH

75
Q

carbonyl group

A

C=O

76
Q

carboxyl group

A

COOH

77
Q

Amino group

A

NH2

78
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

SH

79
Q

phosphate group

A

phosphorus and oxygen

80
Q

Robert hook

A

identifies cells in cork

81
Q

Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek

A

used hand lens microscope to see bacteria

82
Q

Matthias Scheiden

A

proposes that all plants are made of cells

83
Q

theodor schwann

A

proposes animals are composed of cells

84
Q

Rudolph virchow

A

every cell originates from another existing cell like it

85
Q

cell theory

A

cell is the basic unit of life
all living organism are made up of cells
new cells arise only from pre-exciting cells

86
Q

ernst abbe

A

discovers resolution of a microscope is limited by the wavelength of light

shows how to optimize microscope design

87
Q

Carl Zeiss

A

makes series of apochromatic lenses, to the design of Abbe, that resolves structures at the theoretical limit of visible light

88
Q

microscope

A

device for magnifying very small objects

89
Q

magnification

A

the process of enlarging the apparent size of an object

90
Q

resolution

A

shortest distance between two objects that can be distinguished as distinct entities

depends on wavelength

91
Q

contrast

A

difference of intensity or color of a specimen against the background

92
Q

florescent microscopy

A

allows for study of specific molecules

93
Q

immunofluorescence

A

fluorescently labelled antibodies identify specific molecules

94
Q

plasma membrane (plant and animals)

A

surrounds and delineates the cell

95
Q

cytoplasm

A

semi fluid substance inside cell

96
Q

difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus

97
Q

extremophiles

A

able to live in extreme conditions

98
Q

gram negative

A

pink/red

99
Q

gram positive

A

purple

100
Q

cocci

A

spheres

101
Q

bacilli

A

rods

102
Q

spirochetes

A

spirals

103
Q

cytoplasm/cytosol

A

fluid inside the cell but outside the organelles

many biochemical reactions occur here

104
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
separate cytoplasm from extracellular environment
selective permeability

105
Q

selective permeable

A

water and lipids pass freely
large/charged molecules do not pass freely

106
Q

nuclear envelope

A

encloses the nucleus

107
Q

nucleus

A

houses genetic material

108
Q

chromatin

A

DNA and associated proteins

109
Q

nucleolus

A

contains the rDNA
produces rRNA

110
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

111
Q

free ribosomes

A

in cytoplasm manufacture proteins

112
Q

fixed ribosomes

A

attached to endoplasmic reticulum
manufacture proteins for secretion

113
Q

rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes
connected to nuclear envelope

protein synthesis and modification

114
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes

connected to RER & nuclear envelope

protein modification

packaging of secreted proteins synthesized on RER

115
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of flattened membrane sacks

sorting and packaging

116
Q

lysosomes

A

break down food from outside cells and damaged organelles

117
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain catalase

uses peroxide to breakdown toxins

118
Q

vacuole

A

water filled organelle

storage

119
Q

in plants central vacuole

A

water storage
keeps cell rigid

120
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

forming a complex molecule by the removal of water

121
Q

hydrolysis

A

decomposition reaction involving water

122
Q

fatty acid head and tail composition

A

head- carboxyl group

tail- long carbon chains with hydrogen atom attached (hydrophobic)

123
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds
solid at room temp

124
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

1 or more double bonds

liquid at room temp

125
Q

unsaturated lipid tails

A

more fluid

126
Q

saturated lipid tails

A

less fluid

127
Q

cholesterol at high temp

A

restricts movement of phospholipids (rigid)

128
Q

cholesterol at low temp

A

maintains fluidity

cell and molecular bio (3 decks)

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