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Plant Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Herbaceous tissue of the primary plant body develops from the…

A

apical meristem

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2
Q

in woody species, ____ ____ are produced in the stem and root from other meristems

A

secondary tissue

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3
Q

what produces wood containing secondary xylem?

A

vascular cambium

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4
Q

What produces bark containing secondary phloem and cork?

A

Cork Cambium

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5
Q

The secondary tissues constitutes the plant’s ____ body

A

secondary

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6
Q

Woody plants are thus a _____ of primary and secondary tissue

A

combination

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7
Q

When is a herbaceous plant’s conducting capacity set?

A

After a portion of stem or root is mature

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8
Q

Woody plants become wider ____ ____ by accumulation of wood and bark, giving them a greater conducting capacity

A

every year

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9
Q

What are disadvantages to secondary growth (i.e., being woody)

A
  1. Greater need for defenses, both structural and chemical to survive for a long time
  2. must use energy and nutrient resources for winterizing their bodies in temperate climates
  3. Expensive metabolically to construct wood and bark
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10
Q

When will woody plants produce?

A

Not until they’re several years old

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11
Q

True or False? All woody trees and shrubs (including gymnosperms) descended from one group of ancestral woody plants that arose approx. 370 million years ago

A

True

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12
Q

____ is an ancient trait and has evolved infrequently

A

wood

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13
Q

most evidence indicates that the first flowering plants were woody (____ is ancestral.

A

Woody

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14
Q

_____ of wood to the herbaceous condition is the ____ condition

A
  1. Loss
  2. Derived
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15
Q

True secondary growth (wood) occurs in:

A
  1. Many eudicots
  2. all gymnosperms
  3. but never in ferns or monocots
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16
Q

_____ (e.g., grasses, lilies, orchids) initially evolved from a woody ancestor but later lost the ability to produce woody tissues

A

Monocots

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17
Q

What is the meristem that produces the wood of the secondary plant body

A

Vascular cambium

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18
Q

Facts about vascular cambium

A
  1. it originates as a layer of cell that lies between the xylem and phloem of a vascular bundle in a plant stem
  2. in herbaceous plants, these cells do not divide (usually)
  3. In woody plants, this region becomes meristematic
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19
Q

To form a complete vascular cambium that completely encircles the plant stem, 2 regions of cells must becomes meristematic. What are those regions?

A
  1. Fascicular cells
  2. Interfascicular cells
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20
Q

What occurs between xylem and phloem within a vascular bundle

A

Fascicular

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21
Q

What occurs between vascular bundles

A

Interfascicular cells

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22
Q

Once developed, the ____ ____ will consist of a single layer encircling the stem that is capable of continued division

A

Vascular Cambium

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23
Q

The vascular cambium contains two types of cells

A
  1. fusiform initials-long and narrow
  2. ray initials- short, cuboid
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24
Q

_____ _____ of the vascular cambium are long, tapered cells.

A

Fusiform initials

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25
Q

Fusiform initials divide to produce…

A

(to the interior) the elongate cells of xylem (wood):
-tracheids
- vessel elements
- fibers
- parenchyma
Also divide to produce (to the exterior) elongate cells of phloem:
- sieve cells
- sieve tube members
- companion cells
- fibers
- parenchyma

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26
Q

fusiform initials of the vascular cambium divide longitudinally with a _____ _____ ( parallel to the meristem) to produce 2 elongate cells:

A

periclinal wall
1. one cell remains a fusiform initial (of the meristem)
2. The other differentiates into either a cell of secondary xylem or secondary phloem

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27
Q

_____ _____ cells (produced to the interior) increase greatly in diameter in growth, pushing the vascular cambia cells outward.
- this begins to cause stress on the cambial cells that can’t keep up

A

Secondary xylem

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28
Q

vascular cambium cells must occasionally divide longitudinally by _____ _____ (perpendicular to the cambium’s surface).

A

anticlinal walls
- this allows the cambium to add cells and increase in diameter and keep up with the increasing girth of the woody layer underneath

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29
Q

____ ____ in the vascular cambium are short and cube-shaped, unlike the elongate fusiform initials.

A

Ray initials

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30
Q

Ray initials divide to form xylem or phloem ______ that function:
-in storage
- or as albuminous cells (in gymnosperms)

A

Parenchyma

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31
Q

within the vascular cambium: fusiform initials may occur depending on the tree species:
-in regular horizontal rows (_____ ____)
-irregularly, without any horizontal pattern (_____ _____)

A
  1. storied cambium
  2. nonstoried cambium
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32
Q

____ ____ are grouped together in short vertical rows.
- one cell wide (____)
- two cells wide (____)
- many cells wide (_____)

A
  1. ray initials
  2. uniseriate
  3. biseriate
  4. multiseriate
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33
Q

vascular cambium _____ has large regions of just fusiform initials or just ray initials; it’s always mixed

A

never

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34
Q

what type of cells are there?

A
  1. Secondary xylem
  2. axial (vertical) system
  3. radial (horizontal) system
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35
Q

what is (wood) contains all of the cell types that occur in primary xylem?

A

secondary xylem

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36
Q

what is derived from the fusiform initials

A

axial (fusiform) system

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37
Q

what develops from the ray initials

A

radial (horizontal) system

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38
Q

The ‘axial system’ (up and down; vertical) contains:

A
  1. tracheary elements
  2. fibers
  3. parenchyma
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39
Q

(tracheids and vessels) what carries out vertical conduction of water through the wood

A

tracheary elements

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40
Q

what provides strength

A

fibers

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41
Q

what contains a large amounts of fibers

A

hardwoods

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42
Q

what contains a few or no fiber

A

softwoods

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43
Q

what serves as a temporary reservoir of water

A

parenchyma

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44
Q

most gymnosperms (“softwoods”) contain ____ tracheids in their axial systems

A

only

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45
Q

fibers and parenchyma cells are ____ and ____

A

sparse and absent

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46
Q

in woody angiosperms the ____ ____ contains only parenchyma

A

radial systems (‘rays’)

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47
Q

ray parenchyma cells:

A

-store carbohydrates and other nutrients
- conduct material over short distances radially

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48
Q

for woody plants in temperate regions and dry seasons:

A

growth rings occur in wood due to the differential growth of early (spring) wood versus late (summer) wood.
- spring wood has high proportion of wide vessels or tracheids.
- summer wood has fewer vessels, or narrower, thick-walled tracheids
- no growth during winter

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49
Q

together, early wood and late wood make up 1-year’s growth an, _____ ____ ____

A

annual (growth) ring

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50
Q

wood with vessels found mostly in early wood is called…

A

ring porous

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51
Q

ring porous species include:

A

-oaks
- hickories
- ashes

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52
Q

wood with vessels found throughout is…

A

diffuse porous

53
Q

diffuse porous species include:

A

red maple
black gum

54
Q

the center of a log is the _______

A

heartwood

55
Q

heartwood is almost always _____, _____, and more _____ than the outer wood (____), which is lighter colored.

A
  • darker
  • drier
    -fragrant
  • sapwood
56
Q

heartwood is denser, contains less water, is more aromatic, and has better acoustic properties than sapwood

A

….

57
Q

heartwood forms when:

A
  • tracheary elements (tracheids and vessel elements) of older portions of wood no longer function in water transport; they get old and worn out
  • but the cellular spaces they leave behind would be ideal passage ways for fungal hyphae and bacteria to reside and cause rot
  • THEREFORE: the tree seals off this old vascular tissue in the wood
58
Q

heartwood also forms when:

A

-a tylosis forms inside the old tracheary elements
- this is an intruding plug from an adjacent (living) parenchyma cells.
- xylem parenchyma cells (XP) produce compounds that inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi.
- this makes the cells dark and aromatic
- eventually, the tracheary elements are completely plugged up and filled with defense compounds.
- when the parenchyma cells die, they also leave behind dark, highly decay-resistant cells
- so both the parenchyma and tracheary elements contribute to the heartwood

59
Q

in ____ _____ _____, differential wood strength is necessary to provide support.
- the resulting wood is called ___ ____

A

-laterally spreading branches
- reaction wood

60
Q

in _____, additional growth occurs mostly on the upper side of a branch, which is known as ____ ______

A
  • angiosperms
  • tension wood
61
Q

tension wood is enriched with ______ fibers enriched with _____

A
  • gelatinous
  • cellulose
62
Q

____ form reaction wood enriched with lignin on the ______ of the branch which is known as _____ ____

A
  • conifers
  • underside
  • compression wood
63
Q

what is the most expensive wood

A

Black Wood

64
Q

the ____ ____ produced by the vascular cambium is responsible for conduction up and down the stem (or root) by the _____ xylem and phloem

A
  • axial system
  • secondary
65
Q

_____ ____ into phloem are formed just the same as for xylem rays: after all, they are formed by the same cuboid initials in the vascular cambium
- the rays consist of parenchyma ____ ____

A

-horizontal rays
- storage cells

66
Q

in a few species, the cork cambium may produce some tissues to the inside to form parenchyma layer known as _____

A

Phelloderm

67
Q

the layers of cork cells (and the phelloderm, if present) are called _____

A

periderm

68
Q

the cork cambium is _____ and not _____ in place

A
  • irregular
  • fixed
69
Q

____ cork cambium forms in younger secondary phloem closer to the vascular cambium

A

new

70
Q

what are all tissues of a woody stem that is exterior to the vascular cambium

A

Bark

71
Q

what is secondary phloem part of bark

A

inner bark

72
Q

what is the dead, cork tissue produced by the cork cambium

A

outer bark

73
Q

cork cells become filled with waxy suberin and defense comounds; and then die:
- this makes the periderm _____ and ____ ____. which is great protection from herbivores and xylovores (wood eaters)

A
  • waterproof
  • chemically inert
74
Q

bark is a rich source of a diversity of substances:

A
  • building materials and textiles
  • medicinals, flavorings, and drugs
75
Q

what is the process of removing the outermost layers of a woody stem in a ring?

A

girdling

76
Q

what is the traditional method of killing trees without felling them?

A

girdling

77
Q

girdling removes the ____ (cork layer), ____ ____, _____ ____ layers, and ____ ____ (which separates easily from the underlying secondary xylem)

A
  • periderm
  • cork cambium
  • secondary phloem
  • vascular cambium
78
Q

Complete girdling means ____ is completely removed which means portions of tree above starve and die

A

phloem

79
Q

downsides of cork:

A
  • the impermeability of cork blocks the absorption of oxygen
  • thereby preventing respiration of internal tissues
  • bark becomes permeable to oxygen when special rounded cork cells are produced
  • these allows air spaces to develop between in the outer layers of cork
80
Q

regions of cork develop as visible _____

A

lenticels

81
Q

roots have 4 main functions:

A
  1. anchoring the plant firmly to a substrate
  2. absorbing watering and minerals from soil
  3. producing hormones
  4. storing carbohydrates in the winter
82
Q

most eudicots have _____

A

taproots

83
Q

what is a single large root that develops from the radicle (embryonic root)

A

taproots

84
Q

what is initially produced from the tap root

A

lateral roots

85
Q

most monocots have a ____ ____ ___

A

fibrous root system

86
Q

the major roots in monocots don’t arise from the _____

A

radicle

87
Q

roots grow from an ___ ___ at the root tip

A

apical meristem

88
Q

the initial apical meristem was a part of the ____ in the seed

A

embryo

89
Q

the root apical meristem is protected by a ____ ____

A

root cap

90
Q

cells in what region undergo expansion?

A

zone of elongation

91
Q

the ____ ____ ___ is a region in which many of the epidermal cells extend out as narrow trichomes

A

root hair zone

92
Q

new lateral roots emerge from the primary root from ____ the root hair zone

A

behind

93
Q

the ___ ___ is a protective structure produced by the underlying meristem.
- it is continually being worn away due to abrasion during growth through soil, so it continuously needs to be replaced

A

root cap

94
Q

cells of the root cap contain large starch granules called ____ that sink to the bottom of the cell.

A

statoliths

95
Q

the position and distribution of statoliths in cap cells influence the flow of the hormone ____ upward in the root

A

auxin

96
Q

for a root extending horizontally, the statoliths cause an ___ in ____ on the underside of the root

A
  • increase
  • auxin
97
Q

root cap cells secrete copious amounts of ____, a complex polysaccharide rich in carbohydrates and amino acids

A

mucigel

98
Q

mucigel:

A
  • lubricates passage of the root through the soil
  • chemically causes soil to release nutrients
  • fosters rapid growth of beneficial soil bacteria.
  • mucigel bacteria, in turn, further helps in uptake of nutrients
99
Q

the zone around the root tip of a plant constitutes the _____

A

rhizosphere

100
Q

root apical meristem has 3 zones:

A
  1. the zone that yields new root cap cells
  2. a quiescent center which is not mitotically active, functions as a reservoir of cells that can rebuild the meristem if it becomes damaged
  3. the upper zone that yields the cells of the growing root
101
Q

what is the region of the root beyond the meristematic region

A

zone of elongation

102
Q

zone of maturation is marked by:

A
  1. the production of root hairs growing by the epidermal cells
  2. differentiation of tissues
103
Q

what are cells that transfer water and minerals from the epidermis

A

root cortex

104
Q

transport of water through the cortex may be:

A
  1. symplastic
  2. apoplastic
105
Q

what are cell to cell through shared cytoplasm connected by plasmodesma

A

symplastic

106
Q

what transports on the exterior of cells along the cell walls

A

apoplastic

107
Q

endodermis

A
  • is one cell layer thick and is the inner-most layer of cortex
  • marks the boundary between the cortex and vascular region
  • radial cell walls of the endodermis are rich in waterproof lignin and suberin; these constitute the Casparian strip
  • the casparian strip tightly controls the flow of water and minerals that may pass through the vascular tissue
108
Q

casparian strips control flow by cutting off the ____ pathway, forcing ____ transport of water and minerals.

A
  • apoplastic
  • symplastic
109
Q

materials can only pass to vascular tissues ____

A

symplastically

110
Q

the casparian srip forces symplastic flow with 3 different options:

A
  1. apoplastic flow is blocked.
  2. apoplast to symplast
  3. symplastic flow
111
Q

what is irregular cylinder of parenchyma cells lying underneath the endodermis

A

pericycle

112
Q

-what is the central cylinder of tissue, interior to the endodermis
- consists of pericycle, xylem, and phloem.

A

vascular stele

113
Q

above the maturation zone, in the older parts of the root, big changes happen:

A
  1. root hairs whither away
  2. secondary cambia emerge to produce wood and bark of the root, just as in the stem
114
Q

vascular cambium–>

A

root wood

115
Q

cork cambium –>

A

root bark

116
Q

as in stems, the root vascular cambium produces:

A
  • secondary xylem to the inside (original primary xylem remains in the center)
  • secondary phloem to the outside (original primary phloem gets pushed to the exterior)
117
Q

____ on roots is produced by a cork cambium _____ that arises in the pericycle

A

phellogen

118
Q

Most woody roots have high storage capacity.
- Storage occurs in parenchyma cells of the root found in:

A

-Ray parenchyma cells (horizontal)
- axial parenchyma cells (vertical)

  • both are products of the root vascular cambium
119
Q

the wood of a root is different than the wood of a stem in that:

A
  1. it is mostly parenchyma
  2. these are few vessels and no fibers
120
Q

the root parenchyma stores:

A
  1. carbohydrates (produced by photosynthesis in the summer)
  2. water
  3. proteins
121
Q

storing materials in the roots has many disadvantages:

A
  1. roots are less visible as food for most foragers
  2. root surroundings are more stable and protected from environmental fluctuations than aboveground parts
122
Q

the ____ that we consume is secondary growth (wood) modified for high capacity storage

A

taproot

123
Q

what root is described:
- tall, plate-like roots of some tropical trees
- upper side grows more rapidly than other parts of the root
- brace the trunk from being blown over by wind or in thin soils

A

buttress roots

124
Q

what roots is described:
- aerial roots of orchids have a specialized epidermis layer called a velamen
- many orchids are epiphytic.
- they grow on trees, with roots high up in the canopy.
- waterproof velamen prevents water loss in dry conditions

A

velamen roots of epiphytes

125
Q

what roots are described:
-many monocots such as lillies, daffodils, and onions that have bulbs and corms produce ____ _____.
- these add stability and depth control of the bulbs
- cortex cells are able to shorten and expand radially (contract).
- this pulls the bulb deeper into the soil

A

contractile roots of monocots

126
Q

what roots are described:
- ____ are highly modified roots of parasitic plants
- _____ penetrate the epidermis and cortex (or bark layers) then continue to grow until they make contact with the host’s vascular tissue
- ____ roots are able to:
- attach the parasitic plant to the host.
- rapidly penetrate the host in order to tap into vascular tissue.
- either stems or roots may be attacked.

A

haustoria of parasitic plants

127
Q

what’s an epiphytic hemiparasitic shrub on oak

A

mistletoe

128
Q

what are symbiotic associations between the roots of seeds plants and soil fungi?
- fungi gain carbohydrates stored in the roots.
- fungal hyphae aid the plant in phosphorus uptake from soil

A

Mycorrhizae (fungi)

Plant Biology (2 decks)

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