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Marine Vert > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Bony-ridge scales

A

Thin enamel covered by epidermis, 2 types-cycloid and ctenoid

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1
Q

Ganoid scales

A

Ganoine surface over bone, rhomboidal, found in chondrostei and primitive neopterygii

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2
Q

Cycloid scales

A

Round, flat, thin

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3
Q

Ctenoid scales

A

Found in spiny-finned fishes, have ctenii-tiny, comb-like projections on posterior(exposed) edge

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4
Q

Circuli

A

Found on bony-ridge scales, circles of growth, (annuli-seasonal changes in spacing)

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5
Q

Median fins

A

Unpaired, include dorsal, anal, and caudal fins

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6
Q

Dorsal and anal fins used for…

A

Stabilization, sometimes propulsion

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7
Q

Caudal fin used for…

A

Propulsion

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8
Q

Protocercal caudal fin

A

Primitive and undifferentiated fin extends around posterior end of fish
Found in amphioxus, Agnatha, fish larvae

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9
Q

Heterocercal caudal fin

A

Unequally lobed fin, vertebral column extends into upper lobe
Found in Chondrichthyes and primitive bony fish

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10
Q

Homocercal caudal fin

A

Equally lobed fin, attached to a series of HYPURAL bones

Found in most advanced bony fishes

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11
Q

Leptocercal caudal fin

A

Symmetrical, with dorsal and anal fin rays joined with caudal fin around posterior of fish
Found in lungfishes, rattails, eel-like fish

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12
Q

Caudal fin shapes for swimming…

A

Rounded-slow, good acceleration
Truncate
Emarginate
Forked and lunate- fast continuous swimmers

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13
Q

Pectoral fins

A

Paired, used for maneuvering

Modified for propulsion, defense, gliding in some fishes

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14
Q

Pelvic fins (3 positions)

A

Abdominal, thoracic, jugular

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15
Q

Ceratotrichia

A

Collagenous rays, stiff, unbranching, cannot change shape or be furled but can be tilted
Found in elasmobranchs

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16
Q

Lepidotrichia

A

Flexible, segmented, branched, derived from scales and attached to basal muscles
Found in teleosts

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17
Q

Chondrocranium

A

Chondrichthyes

Contains brain and sense organs

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18
Q

Spanchnocranium

A

Chondrichthyes

Contains jaws and branchial cartilages supporting gills

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19
Q

Palatoquadrate

A

Upper jaw in Chondrichthyes

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20
Q

Meckels cartilage

A

Lower jaw in Chondrichthyes

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21
Q

Neurocranium

A

Teleosts

Brain case

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22
Q

Suspensorium

A

Teleosts

Series of bones connecting neurocranium and jaws

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23
Q

Upper jaw in teleosts

A

Premaxilla and maxilla

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24
Q

Lower jaw in teleosts

A

Dentary

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25
Q

Abdominal (precaudal) vertebrae

A

Anterior, connects with ribs

Consists of neural arch and spine

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26
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

Posterior

Has hemal arch and spine

27
Q

Myomeres

A

Vertical muscle divisions

Separated by sheets of connective tissue called myosepta

28
Q

Vertical septum

A

Divides muscle into left and right sides

29
Q

Horizontal septum

A

Divides muscle into upper (epaxial) and lower (hypaxial) muscles

30
Q

Red muscle

A

Aerobic, slow-twitch, slow fatigue, cruise swimming

31
Q

White muscle

A

Most abundant, anaerobic, fast-twitch, fast fatigue, burst swimming

32
Q

Median and Paired Fin (MPF) swimming

A

Body held rigid or straight
good for slow speeds, maneuvering, complex habitats
Sometimes adapted for higher speeds

33
Q

Body and Caudal Fin (BCF) swimming

A

Good for higher speeds, cruise swimming, open water

34
Q

Anguillaform swimming

A

Type of BCF
Series of sine waves pass down the length of the body
Eel-like fishes, some sharks

35
Q

Sub-carangiform swimming

A

Type of BCF
Between 1/2 to 1 wavelength in the body
Salmon, trout, cod, etc.

36
Q

Carangiform swimming

A

Type of BCF
Shallow wave in the body, up to 1/2 wavelength
Jacks

37
Q

Thunniform swimming

A

Type of BCF
Propulsion even further directed to tail, specializations for fast-cruise swimming
Functional “hinge” connecting tail to caudal peduncle

38
Q

Ostaciform swimming

A

Type of BCF
Body rigid- bony armor
oscillate caudal fin to scull through water, but also use pectoral, dorsal, anal
Boxfish

39
Q

Amiiform swimming

A

Undulations Of dorsal fin

Bowfin

40
Q

Gymnotiform swimming

A

Undulations of anal fin

Knifefish, electric eel

41
Q

Tetradontiform swimming

A

Includes:
Balistoform- uses dorsal and anal fins; triggerfish
Diodontiform- uses pectoral, anal, and dorsal; puffers, purcupine fish

42
Q

Gill arches

A

Bone or cartilage support for the gills, anchors pairs of filaments

43
Q

Pseudobranch

A

Receives oxygenated blood

Blood from pseudobranch supplies rete behind the eye

44
Q

Secondary Lamellae

A

Protrude from both sides of filaments
Primary site of gas exchange
Composed of this epithelial cells over basement membrane

45
Q

Gill ventilation

A

2 stage pump (synchronous expansion and contraction of the buccal and opercular cavities)
Unidirectional flow

46
Q

Circulatory system

A

Transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes

47
Q

Blood volume is what percent of total body mass?

A

2-4%

48
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

Nuclear end, carry hemoglobin

49
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells
Involved in immune system functions and blood clotting
Less abundant

50
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Iron-containing glob in protein
Binds oxygen, responsible for almost all oxygen transport
Some fishes have multiple forms

51
Q

Arteries

A

Going away from the heart

52
Q

Veins

A

Going towards the heart

53
Q

Sinus venosus

A

Collects venous blood
Thin-walled, may be weakly contractile
Leads to atrium through sino-atrial valve

54
Q

Atrium

A

Thin-walled, relatively large, above ventricle
Contraction accelerates blood, primes the ventricle
Leads to ventricle through atrioventricular valve

55
Q

Ventricle

A

Relatively large, thicker walled muscle
Provides main propulsive force for circulatory flow
Two layers in sharks and more active teleosts:
-Inner spongy myocardium
-Outer compact myocardium
Leads to conus or bulbus through semilunar or ventriculo-bulbar valves

56
Q

Conus or bulbus areteriosus

A

Elastic chamber thar dampens pressure pulses from heart, before reaching gills
Conus in elasmobranchs, lungfish, gars, and bowfin (many valves, elastic tissue and cardiac muscle)
Bulbus in teleosts (only elastic tissue and thin layer of smooth muscle, no valves)

57
Q

Buoyancy in sharks

A

No gas bladders
Large quantities of lipids
Cartilage skeleton less dense than bone
Heterocercal rain and angled body while swimming

58
Q

Gas bladders

A

Found in most bony fishes

About 5% body volume in SW fishes, 7% in FW fishes

59
Q

Physostomous gas bladder

A

Has connection to gut through pneumatic duct
Found in more ancestral bony fishes
Filled by gulping air at surface

60
Q

Physoclistous gas bladder

A

No connection to gut
Found in more derived teleosts
Gas gland:
Acidified blood to cause release of oxygen and other gases
Associated with rete mirabilia (concentrates gases)

61
Q

What reduces loss of oxygen in the gas bladder?

A

Guanine crystals in the walls

62
Q

Temperature

A

Intensity if heat present in the system

63
Q

Eurythermal

A

Tolerate a wide range of temperatures

64
Q

Stenothermal

A

Tolerates only a restricted range of temperatures

65
Q

Behavioral thermoregulation

A

Behavioral selection of temperatures

66
Q

Regional endothermy

A

Uses counter-current heat exchangers (rete mirabilia) in blood circulation
Present in tuna, swordfish, mackerel sharks, thresher sharks

Marine Vert (1 decks)

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