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PSY 201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what drives human behavior?

A

We aren’t looking for THE answer, but instead different perspectives

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2
Q

neuroscientists

A

the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, and genetics determine behavior

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3
Q

evolutionary psychologists

A

characteristics that were passed on that confer a reproductive advantage, which determine behavior

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4
Q

Two central figures on behavioral perspectives

A

John Watson and B.F Skinner

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5
Q

positivism

A

focuses only on observable stimuli and responses

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6
Q

reject mental processes

A

study of observable behavior

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7
Q

observable external stimuli can influence our behavior how?

A

Examples include:
Loud sounds= jump
prick finger= feel the pain and move finger away

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8
Q

cognitive perspective

A

how you interpret and process events, influence behavior

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9
Q

cognitive psychologists are interested in:

A

perceptions, expectations, beliefs, and memories

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10
Q

psychodynamic

A

unconcious mental processes

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11
Q

humanistic

A

our innate need to achieve our potential

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12
Q

Behavior develops in _________ _________ across the lifespan

A

predictable patterns

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13
Q

developmental perspective

A

interaction of heritable biological development and experiences

aka interaction between nature and nurture

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14
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

social and cultural characteristics (situational factors) are the primary influences of on behavior

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15
Q

sociocultural perspectives include

A

social psychology and cross-cultural psychology

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16
Q

APA

A

The American Psychological Association

-overall governing body for psychologists
-consists of divisions dedicated to most fields of psychology

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17
Q

APS

A

The Association for Psychological Science

emphasizes that psych is a hard science

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18
Q

SIOP

A

The Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology

-the governing body for psychologists who study behavior in the workplace

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19
Q

The Scientific Method

A

a rigorous form of empirical investigation of a specific research hypothesis

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20
Q

What does the scientific method rely on?

A

careful control and the elimination of competing explanations of a phenomenon

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21
Q

T/F: there is no such thing as “proof”

A

true

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22
Q

Evidence is either _______ or _______ w/ a hypothesis

A

consistent or inconsistent

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23
Q

Step 1 of the Scientific Method

A

HYPOTHESIS

a specific, testable research question that requires careful operational definitions of key variables

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24
Q

Independent variable

A

something you predict will influence something else

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25
Dependent Variable
something you predict will be influenced by something else
26
A good hypothesis should be __________
falsifiable- must have the possibility of being shown to be wrong
27
Step 2 of the Scientific Method
gather objective data using rigorous methodology aka eliminate additional factors that can affect the results
28
Step 3 of the Scientific Method
Analyze the results
29
Step 4 of the Scientific Method
Publish, criticize and replicate the results
30
Experiments:
-a carefully conducted investigation -manipulates one or more independent variables to examine the effects on one or more dependent variables
31
Non-experimental methods
Case studies: Detailed observation and description of a particular person Surveys: questions asked to a specific sample (no manipulation) naturalistic observations: watching and recording behaviors w/o intervening (ex. how many times student pics up cell phone) Correlational studies: evaluation of the relationship between two existing variables that are usually used w/ surveys and naturalistic observations (ex. examining between 2 variables and not doing anything)
32
Correlation research
asks "how strong is the relationship between two variables?" scale: -1 to +1, further from 0= stronger relationship ex. hours spent studying vs exam score age vs hand size # of distractions and amt of information remembered
33
positive correlations
A and B are both positive
34
negative correlations
A is positive, B is negative
35
correlation vs. causation
two things relating doesn't mean one causes the other
36
You can't EVER _______________!!!
Infer causations from correlation -you need to rule out alternative explanations -you can only infer causation from a carefully controlled experiment
37
Internal communication is largely divided into what two main systems?
The Nervous system and endocrine system
38
the nervous system is divided into what type of systems?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
39
CNS
central nervous system- brain and spinal cord responsible for most higher-order functioning
40
PNS
peripheral nervous system- responsible primarily for automatic functions Contains Somatic and autonomic PNS
41
Somatic PNS
operates your sensory systems
42
Autonomic PNS
handles processes that don't require conscious control
43
sympathetic division
Autonomic PNS- handles the body in action and fight-or-flight response and physiological arousal aka the body in action
44
parasympathetic division
Autonomic PNS- handles the body at rest ex. resting HR, digestion, breathing
45
Glial cells and neurons are part of what system?
The nervous system
46
Glial cells
support strucutres for neurons that: -lay paths for neurons -hold connections together -insulate them -other supporting functions
47
neurons
messengers of the nervous system that carry signals within and between systems of the body
48
Sensory Neurons
afferent- carry messages from sensory receptors to the CNS
49
motor neurons
efferent-carry messages from the CNS to glands and muscles
50
SAME
acronym for: Sensory-Afferent, Motor-Efferent
51
dendrites
receives incoming signals from other neurons
52
cell body of neurons
carries genetic material and food sources/energy
53
axon
sends signals to other neurons (tail)
54
action potential
axonal transmission- when a neuron receives a meaningful signal, it needs to pass that signal along (burst of electrical activity)
55
in action potential, neurons are ________ charged at _______ incoming signals deliver ________ charge (________ the ______ charge) when neurons receive a big enough charge, they ______ (fire), sending an electrical signal down the _______, signaling release of ___________ (________ communicators)
negatively; -70mV; positive; depolarizing; negative; depolarize; axon; neurotransmitters; chemical
56
all-or-none principle
action potentials fire or not, there is no in-between. it will either release the signal or not
57
what needs to happen quickly and efficiently requiring insulation?
neurotransmission
58
Myelin sheath
insulation
59
jumping saltatory conduction
electrical signals "jumping" between gaps in the myelin sheath
60
what happens when an action potential reaches the end of an axon?
a synaptic transmission occurs (chemical transmitter) between the two axonal transmissions
61
Lock and key specificity
each neurotransmitter only fits to a specific receptor when a signal is received--> chemical changes in receiving cell may trigger another action potential
62
agonists
molecules that bind with a receptor and trigger action potentials ex. copy of the same key
63
antagonists
molecules that bind w/receptors and block neurotransmitters from binding preventing action potentials
64
7 important neurotransmitters
dopamine serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine GABA Glutamine endorphins
65
dopamine
function: produces sensations of pleasure and reward (voluntary movement) Problems w/ imbalance: schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease Substances that affect: cocaine, amphetamines
66
serotonin
function: regulates sleep, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior problems: depression, anxiety, OCD substances affecting: antidepressants and hallucinogens (LSD)
67
norepinephrine
function: controls HR, mood, stress, and appetite problems: depression substances that affect: antidepressants
68
acetylcholine
function: used by neurons carrying messages from CNS, involved in some kinds of learning and memory Problems: muscular disorders, Alzheimer's disease substances that affect: nicotine, botox
69
GABA
function: most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS Problems w/ imbalance: Anxiety, epilepsy (increase GABA, decrease seizures) substances that affect: barbituates, tranquilizers, alcohol
70
glutamine
function: primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; involved in learning and memory problems: brain damage after stroke substances: PCP ("angel dust")
71
endorphins
function: pleasurable sensations and control of pain problems: lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction Substances: opiates (morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, heroin, opium)

PSY 201 (1 decks)

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