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PSY 201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what drives human behavior?

A

We aren’t looking for THE answer, but instead different perspectives

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2
Q

neuroscientists

A

the brain, nervous system, endocrine system, and genetics determine behavior

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3
Q

evolutionary psychologists

A

characteristics that were passed on that confer a reproductive advantage, which determine behavior

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4
Q

Two central figures on behavioral perspectives

A

John Watson and B.F Skinner

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5
Q

positivism

A

focuses only on observable stimuli and responses

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6
Q

reject mental processes

A

study of observable behavior

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7
Q

observable external stimuli can influence our behavior how?

A

Examples include:
Loud sounds= jump
prick finger= feel the pain and move finger away

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8
Q

cognitive perspective

A

how you interpret and process events, influence behavior

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9
Q

cognitive psychologists are interested in:

A

perceptions, expectations, beliefs, and memories

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10
Q

psychodynamic

A

unconcious mental processes

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11
Q

humanistic

A

our innate need to achieve our potential

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12
Q

Behavior develops in _________ _________ across the lifespan

A

predictable patterns

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13
Q

developmental perspective

A

interaction of heritable biological development and experiences

aka interaction between nature and nurture

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14
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

social and cultural characteristics (situational factors) are the primary influences of on behavior

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15
Q

sociocultural perspectives include

A

social psychology and cross-cultural psychology

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16
Q

APA

A

The American Psychological Association

-overall governing body for psychologists
-consists of divisions dedicated to most fields of psychology

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17
Q

APS

A

The Association for Psychological Science

emphasizes that psych is a hard science

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18
Q

SIOP

A

The Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology

-the governing body for psychologists who study behavior in the workplace

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19
Q

The Scientific Method

A

a rigorous form of empirical investigation of a specific research hypothesis

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20
Q

What does the scientific method rely on?

A

careful control and the elimination of competing explanations of a phenomenon

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21
Q

T/F: there is no such thing as “proof”

A

true

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22
Q

Evidence is either _______ or _______ w/ a hypothesis

A

consistent or inconsistent

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23
Q

Step 1 of the Scientific Method

A

HYPOTHESIS

a specific, testable research question that requires careful operational definitions of key variables

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24
Q

Independent variable

A

something you predict will influence something else

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25
Q

Dependent Variable

A

something you predict will be influenced by something else

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26
Q

A good hypothesis should be __________

A

falsifiable- must have the possibility of being shown to be wrong

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27
Q

Step 2 of the Scientific Method

A

gather objective data using rigorous methodology
aka eliminate additional factors that can affect the results

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28
Q

Step 3 of the Scientific Method

A

Analyze the results

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29
Q

Step 4 of the Scientific Method

A

Publish, criticize and replicate the results

30
Q

Experiments:

A

-a carefully conducted investigation
-manipulates one or more independent variables to examine the effects on one or more dependent variables

31
Q

Non-experimental methods

A

Case studies: Detailed observation and description of a particular person

Surveys: questions asked to a specific sample (no manipulation)

naturalistic observations: watching and recording behaviors w/o intervening (ex. how many times student pics up cell phone)

Correlational studies: evaluation of the relationship between two existing variables that are usually used w/ surveys and naturalistic observations (ex. examining between 2 variables and not doing anything)

32
Q

Correlation research

A

asks “how strong is the relationship between two variables?”

scale: -1 to +1, further from 0= stronger relationship

ex. hours spent studying vs exam score
age vs hand size
# of distractions and amt of information remembered

33
Q

positive correlations

A

A and B are both positive

34
Q

negative correlations

A

A is positive, B is negative

35
Q

correlation vs. causation

A

two things relating doesn’t mean one causes the other

36
Q

You can’t EVER _______________!!!

A

Infer causations from correlation

-you need to rule out alternative explanations
-you can only infer causation from a carefully controlled experiment

37
Q

Internal communication is largely divided into what two main systems?

A

The Nervous system and endocrine system

38
Q

the nervous system is divided into what type of systems?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

39
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

responsible for most higher-order functioning

40
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system- responsible primarily for automatic functions

Contains Somatic and autonomic PNS

41
Q

Somatic PNS

A

operates your sensory systems

42
Q

Autonomic PNS

A

handles processes that don’t require conscious control

43
Q

sympathetic division

A

Autonomic PNS- handles the body in action and fight-or-flight response and physiological arousal

aka the body in action

44
Q

parasympathetic division

A

Autonomic PNS- handles the body at rest

ex. resting HR, digestion, breathing

45
Q

Glial cells and neurons are part of what system?

A

The nervous system

46
Q

Glial cells

A

support strucutres for neurons that:
-lay paths for neurons
-hold connections together
-insulate them
-other supporting functions

47
Q

neurons

A

messengers of the nervous system
that carry signals within and between systems of the body

48
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

afferent- carry messages from sensory receptors to the CNS

49
Q

motor neurons

A

efferent-carry messages from the CNS to glands and muscles

50
Q

SAME

A

acronym for:

Sensory-Afferent, Motor-Efferent

51
Q

dendrites

A

receives incoming signals from other neurons

52
Q

cell body of neurons

A

carries genetic material and food sources/energy

53
Q

axon

A

sends signals to other neurons (tail)

54
Q

action potential

A

axonal transmission- when a neuron receives a meaningful signal, it needs to pass that signal along (burst of electrical activity)

55
Q

in action potential, neurons are ________ charged at _______
incoming signals deliver ________ charge (________ the ______ charge)

when neurons receive a big enough charge, they ______ (fire), sending an electrical signal down the _______, signaling release of ___________ (________ communicators)

A

negatively; -70mV; positive; depolarizing; negative; depolarize; axon; neurotransmitters; chemical

56
Q

all-or-none principle

A

action potentials fire or not, there is no in-between. it will either release the signal or not

57
Q

what needs to happen quickly and efficiently requiring insulation?

A

neurotransmission

58
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulation

59
Q

jumping saltatory conduction

A

electrical signals “jumping” between gaps in the myelin sheath

60
Q

what happens when an action potential reaches the end of an axon?

A

a synaptic transmission occurs (chemical transmitter) between the two axonal transmissions

61
Q

Lock and key specificity

A

each neurotransmitter only fits to a specific receptor

when a signal is received–> chemical changes in receiving cell may trigger another action potential

62
Q

agonists

A

molecules that bind with a receptor and trigger action potentials
ex. copy of the same key

63
Q

antagonists

A

molecules that bind w/receptors and block neurotransmitters from binding preventing action potentials

64
Q

7 important neurotransmitters

A

dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
GABA
Glutamine
endorphins

65
Q

dopamine

A

function: produces sensations of pleasure and reward (voluntary movement)

Problems w/ imbalance: schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease

Substances that affect: cocaine, amphetamines

66
Q

serotonin

A

function: regulates sleep, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, sexual behavior

problems: depression, anxiety, OCD

substances affecting: antidepressants and hallucinogens (LSD)

67
Q

norepinephrine

A

function: controls HR, mood, stress, and appetite

problems: depression

substances that affect: antidepressants

68
Q

acetylcholine

A

function: used by neurons carrying messages from CNS, involved in some kinds of learning and memory

Problems: muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease

substances that affect: nicotine, botox

69
Q

GABA

A

function: most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS

Problems w/ imbalance: Anxiety, epilepsy (increase GABA, decrease seizures)

substances that affect: barbituates, tranquilizers, alcohol

70
Q

glutamine

A

function: primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; involved in learning and memory

problems: brain damage after stroke

substances: PCP (“angel dust”)

71
Q

endorphins

A

function: pleasurable sensations and control of pain

problems: lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction

Substances: opiates (morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, heroin, opium)

PSY 201 (1 decks)

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