Exam 1 Flashcards
speech sound disorders
phonology and articulation
components of language
pragmatics
semantics
syntax
morphology
phonology
components of speech
articulation
fluency
voice
phonology
study of systems and patterns of sounds that occur in a language
how consonants and vowels are organized to convey meaning within a language system
phonology
phonotactics
the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language
basic unit of phonetics
phone
[f]
phone
referred to as allophonic variations or phonetic variations; concrete
phone
basic unit within phonology
phoneme
/s/
phoneme
an abstract, linguistic unit
phoneme
the smallest unit of language to establish word meanings and distinguish between them
phoneme
difficulty in establishing the placement of the articulators or executing the motor movements needed to produce speech sounds
articulation disorders
usually described as omissions, distortions, substitutions, or additions
articulation disorders
limited to only a few sounds
articulation disorders
does not compromise intelligibility to a large extent
articulation disorders
impaired comprehension and/or use of the sound system of a language
phonological disorder
multiple sound errors
phonological disorders
significantly impair speech intelligibility
phonological disorder
consistent substitutions or distortions of the same sounds in isolation or in all phonetic contexts; typically r- and s- sounds; 12%
articulation disorder
inconsistent speech error; oromotor signs (groping); slow speech rate and disturbed prosody; short utterance length; poorer performance in imitation than spontaneous production; multiple deficits affecting phonological and phonetic planning as well as motor program implementations; rare
childhood apraxia of speech
presence of speech error patterns that are typical of younger children; stopping of fricative (tun for sun); weak syllable deletion (nana for banana); 55%
phonological delay
consistent use of one or more unusual non-developmental error patterns; backing (kop for top); initial consonant deletion (og for dog); 20%
consistent phonological disorders
multiple phonemic error forms for the same words while having no oro-motor difficulties; children perform better in imitation than spontaneous production; 20%
inconsistent phonological disorder
produced with a relatively open airway
sonorants
complete or narrow constriction between the articulators
obstruents
sonorants
vowels > glides > liquids > nasals
obstruents
voiced fricatives > voiceless fricatives > voiced stops > voiceless stops
no significant constriction of the oral/pharyngeal cavities; always voiced
vowels
four parameters of vowels
tongue/jaw height
tongue frontness/backness
lip roundness
tense vs. lax
rounded vowels
/u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɚ, ɝ/
who took joes coffee & ‘er’ central vowels
tense vowels
/i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɑ, ɝ/
significant constriction in the oral and/or pharyngeal cavities; can be voiced or voiceless
consonants
3 parameters for consonants
voicing
place of articulation
manner of articulation
syllable structure
onset, rhyme (nucleus & coda)
narrow transcription
diacritics
articulatory variation in which the tongue approaches the upper incisors
dentalized
articulatory variation in which the tongue approaches the palate
palatalized
articulatory variation in which the airstream is released laterally
lateralized
the strong burst of breath that accompanies the release of the articulatory closure in stops (+VOT)
aspirated
maintained articulatory closure (word final position usually)
unreleased
when a normally unrounded consonant is produced with lip rounding
labialization
when enough consonants that are usually produced rounded, are produced unrounded
nonlabialization
marks the stressed syllable
stress
Weak syllable deletion (potato CVCVCV to tedo CVCV)
unstressed syllable deletion
doubling (bottle to baba; baby to bebe)
reduplication
addition of /i/ or consonant+/i/; form of partial reduplication (horse to horsy; cup to cupy)
diminization
insertion of sound, commonly a shwa between two consonants (spoon to supoon; blue to bulue)
epethesis
deletion of the final single consonant or all consonants in a final cluster (shake to ska; peek to pee)
FCD
deletion of the single consonant in the word initial position (team to eam; seat to eat)
ICD
deletion of one or all consonants in a cluster (steak to teak)
cluster deletion
not a syllable structure process (tree to twee)
cluster substitution
substitution of stops for fricative and affricates (feet to peet; choke to toke)
stopping
replacement of an affricate by a stop or fricative (choose to soose; jeep to deep)
deaffrication
replacement of a fricative with an affricate (soap to djop)
affrication
replacement of velar phonemes /k, g, ng/ by sounds that are produced in a more anterior position; usually an alveolar stop (coat to toat; gate to date)
velar fronting
replacement of sounds that have an anterior point of constriction with posterior sounds (velar or glottals) (shoe to ku; dough to go; soup to houp)
backing
replacement of sounds made with the lips or teeth for sounds made on the alveolar ridge (food to good; thin to tin)
alveolarization
bilabial, labiodental, interdental -> alveolar sounds
alveolarization
replacement of interdental or alveolar sounds with labial sound (sun to fun; thin to fin)
labialization
alveolar, interdental -> labial sounds
labialization
substitution of a non palatal sound for a palatal fricative/affricative (shoot to soot; chew to tew)
depalatilization
addition of a palatal component to a non palatal target phoneme (sew to show; bees to beesh)
palatalization
substitution of glide for a prevocalic liquid (road to woad; low to jo; glass to gwass)
liquid gliding
substitution of a vowel for a syllabic liquid, nasal, or mid-central (table to tabo; bigger to bigga; apple to appo)
vocalization (vowelization)
bilabial voiced stop
b
bilabial voiceless stop
p
alveolar voiced stop
d
alveolar voiceless stop
t
velar voiced stop
g
velar voiced stop
g
velar voiceless stop
k
glottal voiceless stop
ʔ
bilabial voiced nasal
m
alveolar voiced nasal
n
velar voiced nasal
ŋ
labiodental voiced fricative
v
labiodental voiceless fricative
f
interdental voiced fricative
ð
interdental voiceless fricative
θ
alveolar voiced fricative
z
alveolar voiceless fricative
s
palatal voiceless fricative
ʃ
glottal voiceless fricative
h
palatal voiced affricate
dʒ
palatal voiceless affricate
tʃ
alveolar voiced liquid (approximant)
l
palatal voiced liquid (approximant)
r
palatal voiced glide (approximant)
j
bilabial + velar voiced glide (approximant)
w
language
phonology
speech
articulation
reflects difficulties with sound patterns and rules within a language
phonological disorders
articulation & phonological disorders
functional disorders
SSD risk factors
male gender
family hx
low maternal education
low SES
otitis media
moderate to severe hearing loss
SSD
speech sound disorders
phoneme that would most require appropriate lip structure and function
open o
vowel in “straight”
e - mid, front, unrounded tense
voiced palatal glide
j
a mental & psychological representation of speech sounds as a unit of phonology
phoneme
set of phones that are associated with the same phoneme
allophonic variation
english disallows /ng/ in the onset position
phonotactics
“soup” with labialized s - this is due to:
lip rounding following the high back vowel /u/
air comes out through oral cavity
VP port closed
cheek to [tit]
velar fronting (k to t) & depalatalization (ch to t)
lady to [wedi]
gliding
page to [peʒ]
deaffrication
reef to [wip]
stopping (f to p) & gliding (r to w)
sun to [fʌn]
labialization
thin to [fɪn]
labialization
