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MAR 377 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between seabirds and terrestrial birds:

A

longer lived
longer onset to sexual maturity
smaller clutch size
extended chick rearing period
colonial breeders
less colorful
sexually monomorphic

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2
Q

countershading in seabirds

A

underbelly is much paler than back

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3
Q

sexually monomorphic

A

no sign of differences between sexes

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4
Q

life strategy for seabirds

A

few offspring and high parental investment

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5
Q

challenges for seabirds in marine environments

A

saltwater intake
feed in water while still flying
harsh environments
ephermal environments (tides, seasons, extreme weather)

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6
Q

how can you identify seabirds?

A

size and shape
plumage
bill features
flight patterns

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7
Q

size as identification tool

A

need direct comparison
easier to compare wing spans and width in flight
focus on head and bill size

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8
Q

shape as identification tool

A

focus on head and tail shape

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9
Q

plumage as identification tool

A

obvious or subtle
can change with age (dark to light)

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10
Q

flight patterns as identification tool

A

aggressiveness, arches, wingbeats

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11
Q

jizz

A

used to describe the general impression of the bird

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12
Q

orders

A

procellariiformes
sphenisciformes
pelecaniformes
charadriiformes

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13
Q

sphenisiformes

A

penguins

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14
Q

sphenisiformes morphology

A

flightless
flattened, mostly fused wing bones
bones not hollow
forelimbs modified into stiff flippers
densely covered with layers of short, stiff, undifferentiated feathers
layer of fat below skin

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15
Q

procellariiformes

A

tube noses - albatrosses, shearwaters, storm petrel

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16
Q

procellariiformes morphology

A

no crop in digestive tract, modified proventriculus
breed in colonies, lay a single egg
produce stomach oil
enhanced olfactory abilities

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17
Q

families in procelariiformes

A

diomedeidae - albatrosses
procellariidae - fulmars, gadfly petrels, shearwaters, prions, larger petrels
pelecanoididae - diving petrels
hydrobatidea - stormfly petrels

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18
Q

family diomedeidae (procellariiformes)

A

albatrosses

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19
Q

family diomedeidae (procellariiformes) morphology

A

albatrosses
bred on isolated islands
large size, long, narrow wings
mostly in higher latitudes
left and right nasal tubes are separated
humerus can be locked in place for efficient gliding
travel largest distance than other species
distinct flying patterns, depend on glide and lift

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20
Q

family procellariidae (procellariiformes)

A

fulmars, gadfly petrels, shearwaters, prions, larger petrels

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21
Q

family procellariidae (procellariiformes) morphology

A

fulmars, gadfly petrels, shearwaters, prions, larger petrels
raised tubular nostrils on upper mandibles

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22
Q

fulmars (family procellariidae)

A

heavy bodied, broad wings
high latitudes
often scavengers

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23
Q

gadfly petrels (family procellariidae)

A

large group, less unified
medium sized, narrow bills, low wing loading
global distribution, breed at low latitudes

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24
Q

prions (family procellariidae)

A

small (smallest in family)
broad bills with fringing lamellae
southern hemisphere

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25
Q

shearwaters (family procellariidae)

A

mid-sized
surface feeders or divers (follow marine mammals)
relatively heavy, flap frequently during flight

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26
Q

large petrels (family procellariidae)

A

occur in southern ocean
large bulky

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27
Q

family pelecanoididae (order procellariformes)

A

diving petrels

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28
Q

family pelecanoididae (order procellariformes) morphology

A

diving petrels
small, short winged
flanges attached to central septum, separating nostrils
feed almost exclusively underwater
southern hemisphere
no gliding flight, rapid wingbeats
swim underwater using half-closed wings as paddles

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29
Q

family hydrobatidae (order procellariformes)

A

storm petrels

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30
Q

family hydrobatidae (order procellariformes) morphology

A

storm petrels
smallest seabirds
nest in burrows or crevices
low wing loading
“walk on water”

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31
Q

speciation

A

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

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32
Q

mechanisms that lead to speciation

A

physical barriers
differences in ocean regimes
non-breeding distributions
foraging distributions
differences in timing of breeding

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33
Q

allopatric speciation

A

a parental species becomes subdivided by a geographic barrier to dispersal

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34
Q

founder effect

A

resulting loss of genetic variation when a new population is established by a small number of individuals from a larger population

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35
Q

peripatric speciation

A

similar to allopatric but one species population is much smaller with isolated reproduction of parental species range

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36
Q

parapatric speciation

A

reproductive semi-isolation in a small population on the periphery of the parental species range leads to speciation (parent species not completely separated - species spread over large geographic area)

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37
Q

sympatric speciation

A

reproductive isolation evolves in organisms that hare the same space (and time) - no physical barriers

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38
Q

cladogram

A

provides a map of traits adapted over evolutionary history

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39
Q

phylogeny

A

a hypothesis describing the evolutionary relationships of organisms to each other

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40
Q

order pelecaniformes

A

tropicbirds, pelicans, cormorants, boobies

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41
Q

order pelecaniformes morphology

A

completely webbed feet
no brood patch
gular skin pouch
external nostrils are enclosed or slit-like
salt gland completely enclosed in orbit

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42
Q

gular skin pouch

A

patch if skin located below lower mandible

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43
Q

orbit

A

eye socket

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44
Q

families in order pelecaniformes

A

phaethontidae - tropicbirds
pelecanidae - pelicans
fregatidae - frigate birds
sulidae - gannets and boobies
phalacrocoracidae - cormorans, shags, and anhingas

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45
Q

family phaethontidae morphology

A

pan-tropical distribution
long tail streamers as adults
plunge divers or surface feeders

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46
Q

family phaethontidae (order pelecaniformes)

A

tropicbirds

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47
Q

family pelecanidae morphology

A

extensible membrane in floor of lower mandible forms feeding “scoop”
feed by plunge diving or surface dipping
mostly warm-temperate and subtropical areas of northern hemisphere

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48
Q

family pelecanidae (order pelecaniformes)

A

pelicans

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49
Q

family fregatidea (order pelecaniformes)

A

frigate birds

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50
Q

family fregatidea morphology

A

sexual dimorphism
pan-tropical distribution
huge, broad wings
kleptoparasitic
never sit on or enter water (no waterproofing)
soar on thermals

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51
Q

family sulidae (order pelecaniformes)

A

gannets and boobies

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52
Q

family phaethontidae morphology

A

long, strong, tapering bills
bullet bodies
facial skin, eyes, bill, feet usually brightly colored

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53
Q

family phalacrocoracidae (order pelecaniformes)

A

cormorants, shags, anhingas

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54
Q

family phalacrocoracidae morphology

A

mostly black, long necks, short and broad wings
catch fish while swimming underwater (foot propelled)
pursuit divers
feed in coastal waters, lakes and rivers (benthic foragers)
semi-permeable feathers
wing-drying behavior
occipital crest for increasing force in lower mandible muscles

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55
Q

uropygial gland

A

located on based of tail
secretes oil that aids in waterproofing when spread on feathers

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56
Q

order charadriiformes

A

skuas, jaegers, gulls, terns, skimmers, auks

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57
Q

order charadriiformes families

A

stercorariidae - skuas and jaegers
laridae - gulls and terns
rhynchopidae - skimmers
alcidae - auks

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58
Q

family stercorariidae (order charadriiformes)

A

skuas and jaegers

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59
Q

family stercorariidae morphology

A

breed only in high latitudes
many are partial kelptoparasites

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60
Q

kleptoparasites

A

steal other birds’ food

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61
Q

family laridae (order charadriiformes)

A

gulls and terns

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62
Q

family laridae - gull morphology

A

cosmopolitan
coastal nad inlands distributions
mid-sized
scavenger/predator
easily adaptable (generalists)

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63
Q

family laridae - tern morphology

A

coastal areas, rivers, wetlands, pelagic
small to medium birds - very aerodynamic
forked tail
breed on coastal islands (barrier islands) or beaches

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64
Q

family rhynchopidae (order charadriiformes)

A

skimmers

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65
Q

family rhynchopidae morphology

A

tropical and neotropical species
uneven bills, lower mandible longer than upper
3 species: black, african, indian skimmer

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66
Q

family alcidae (order charadriiformes)

A

auks

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67
Q

family alcidae characteristics

A

wing-propelled pursuit divers
occur in cool waters of northern hemisphere
compact body, short wings and tail
long bones and breast bone not hollow
most fish-eating (Some planktivorous occur in pacific)
specialist species - very vulnerable to climate change

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68
Q

convergent evolution

A

process whereby organisms that are not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

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69
Q

analogous traits

A

similar characteristics that evolved independently per convergent evolution (commonly due to sharing of a common environment)

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70
Q

homologous traits

A

due to sharing a common ancestor, not necessarily a common function

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71
Q

aerofoil

A

structure with curved surface one one side and tapered on other meant for efficient flying (best ratio of lift and drag)

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72
Q

lift

A

force that gets bird off ground and keeps it in air and produced by aerofoil created by feathers and skeleton of forelimb

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73
Q

drag

A

reduces lift by slowing air moving over wing (alignment of flight feathers can influence drag)

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74
Q

morphological adaptations to flight

A

bones
flight muscles
efficient bodily systems
feathers

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75
Q

hollow bones

A

air pockets within bones for lightness and criss cross struts throughout bone for structural integrity

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76
Q

fused bone

A

aid in rigidity (wing tips, wishbone/thorax/furcula, pelvis)

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77
Q

keel bone

A

very strong, where flight muscles are attached

78
Q

alula

A

freely movable digit with a few small feathers attached for changing the amount of air flowing over feathers to influence drag (helps landing)

79
Q

supracoracoideus muscle

A

one of two flight muscles
attached to top of humerus
helps raise wings

80
Q

pectoralis muscle

A

one of two flight muscles
attached to bottom of humerus
power stroke

81
Q

crop

A

storage area so birds can wait until specific time where energy consumption is less prioritized

82
Q

gizzard

A

grinds food and breaks it down (physical breakdown)

83
Q

proventriculus

A

stomach
chemical break down of food via enzymes

84
Q

air sacs

A

inhales air even when breathing out due to unidirectional flow of air and allowing for high metabolic rates

85
Q

air sacs oxygen order

A

inhale -> anterior air sacks -> lungs -> posterior air sacks -> exhale

86
Q

circulatory system

A

4 chambered heart allows for separation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

87
Q

why is the avian circulatory system more efficient?

A

the left ventricle exerts more pressure and allows for better blood flow to the body

88
Q

right ventricle pumps to…

A

lungs

89
Q

left ventricle pumps to…

A

body

90
Q

function of flight feathers

A

control air flow over wing

91
Q

function of contour feathers

A

streamline body

92
Q

function of tail feathers

A

control direction and speed

93
Q

wing loading

A

ratio of weight to wing area

94
Q

which is more efficient for flight? high or low wing loading?

A

low wing loading, less exertion required of wings

95
Q

aspect ratio

A

ratio of wing-span to its mean chord

96
Q

high aspect ratio

A

wings are thin and tapered, allowing for lower drag and less influence of turbulence or wind on wings

97
Q

types of flight

A

gliding
soaring
flapping
flap-gliding
hovering
subaqueous flying

98
Q

gliding flight

A

use weight to overcome air resistance to forward motion (only large birds - requires specific mass)

99
Q

how to gain altitude?

A

updrafts and thermals

100
Q

thermals

A

form of updraft created by temp/pressure gradients from uneven heating of earth’s surface

101
Q

flapping flight

A

up and down movement of wings

102
Q

proximal wing during flapping flight

A

moves less, provides more lift

103
Q

distal wing during flapping flight

A

moves through a wide arc, generates the thrust that propels a bird forward

104
Q

power strokes in flapping flight

A

wings move downward and forward resulting in the leading edge of the wing being lower than the trailing edge and producing a angled forward resultant force that causes forward thrust

105
Q

recovery stroke of flapping flight

A

tips of primaries separate and slots allow passage of air through them, reducing friction, and the wing is partially folded towards body to reduce drag

106
Q

slope soaring

A

obstruction of wind creates pocket of rising air to provide enough lift for gliders to stay airborne for long periods

107
Q

wave lift

A

waves can serve as obstruction and can create downdraft

108
Q

dynamic soaring cycle

A
  1. windward climb
  2. a curve; turn to go with the wind
  3. a leeward descent
  4. a curve; turn into the wind
109
Q

coriolis effect

A

results in albatrosses to fly in anti-clockwise loops flying north and clockwise loops when flying south

110
Q

types of underwater locomotion

A

swimming on surface
plunge diving
pursuit diving (foot and wing propulsion)

111
Q

challenges of swimming

A

higher viscosity
higher density
buoyancy in birds

112
Q

locomotion

A

how to move in/above water

113
Q

morphology

A

shape and structure

114
Q

physiology

A

function and internal processes

115
Q

challenges to ocean living

A

moving above water and in water
maintaining water and salt balance
diving: storage and consumption of oxygen
waterproofing of feathers
regulating body temperature

116
Q

homeostasis

A

regulating internal environments to maintain a stable, constant condition of properties

117
Q

osmosis

A

process of water moving passively in and out of cells

118
Q

osmotic homeostasis

A

maintaining water-ion balance within physiologically viable range

119
Q

osmoconformer

A

osmolarity of body fluids is equal to the external environment

120
Q

osmoregulator

A

an organism that can regulate the solutes or salts of its body fluid at a higher or lower concentration than the external medium

121
Q

isoosmotic

A

osmolarity inside = outside

122
Q

hypoosmotic

A

osmolarity outside > inside

123
Q

hyperosmotic

A

osmolarity inside > outside

124
Q

seabirds are… (osmosis)

A

hypoosmotic

125
Q

inputs of water and ions

A

drinking water
food
oxidative metabolism

126
Q

how to minimize intake of saltwater?

A

filter water out of mouth before ingestion
prey selection (teleost fish less salty than cartilaginous)
fattier food produces more water via metabolism

127
Q

outputs of water

A

evaporation
respiration
evapotranspiration of mouth

128
Q

how to minimize water loss

A

reabsorption of water through intestine
kidneys remove waste including excess water and ions
concentrated waste product

129
Q

how to cope with salinity

A

regulate rate of urine filtration
reduce rate of glomerular filtration during water scarcity

130
Q

kidneys in seabirds are more efficient in water retention than mammalian kidneys because…

A

mammals excrete urea, containing ammonia, which is toxic and must be diluted but seabirds excrete uric acid

131
Q

salt glands are located?

A

above the orbit

132
Q

salt glands function

A

secrete NaCl solution more concentrated than seawater
salt is pushed from lower intestine, to kidney, to salt gland and then excreted through nostril or roof of mouth

133
Q

variableness in salt glands

A

location differs in species
concentration of solution
size of salt gland

134
Q

how to move efficiently underwater?

A

reduce viscous drag, pressure drag, and wave drag

135
Q

boundary layer

A

thin layer of fluid whose velocity is affected by the body surface (fluid in boundary layer does not move relative to body surface)

136
Q

viscous drag

A

occurs due to friction of the fluid against the body surface

137
Q

wave drag

A

kinetic energy transformed into potential energy in waves (reaches a maximum at a depth of 0.5 body diameter)

138
Q

pressure drag

A

occurs due to distribution of pressure moving around a body, effects on fluid flow

139
Q

morphological adaptations to diving

A

streamlined body shape
bones are not hollow
webbing of feet
dense, specialized feathers
stiff, flattened paddle-like wings

140
Q

increase in body size results in _____ in dive duration

A

increase

141
Q

adaptations for oxygen conservation during diving

A

increased oxygen storage capacity
bradycardia
peripheral ischemia
efficient ventilation patterns

142
Q

bradycardia

A

slowing of heart rate

143
Q

peripheral ischemia

A

reduce blood flow to extremities

144
Q

how to avoid the bends?

A

take short, shallow dives
severe bradycardia - reduction in cardiac output
pressure induced restriction of gas exchange
thickened blood-air barriers
air volume for passive ascent
prolonged ascent, oblique ascending angle

145
Q

the bends

A

can’t acclimate to pressure differences, resulting in build up of harmful gasses

146
Q

oxygen stores in lungs

A

air

147
Q

oxygen stores in blood

A

hemoglobin

148
Q

oxygen stores in muscles

A

myoglobin

149
Q

aerobic dive limit

A

maximum breath hold without an increase in blood lactic acid concentration during or after the dive

150
Q

aerobic dive limit depends on

A

stored oxygen reserves
oxygen consumption rate
degree of peripheral ischemia
rate of lactic acid production and consumption

151
Q

air lubrication

A

injection of air into boundary layer to gain enough speed to jump out of water (through moving feathers around to influence how much air is trapped)

152
Q

homeothermy

A

maintenance of a constant body temperature, usually warmer than that of the environment (body temp maintained within narrow range)

153
Q

endothermy

A

use of elevated metabolism in response to body cooling to maintain homeothermy

154
Q

ectothermy

A

reliance on external sources of hear to maintain elevated body temp

155
Q

poikilothermy

A

failure to regulate body temp and conformance to environmental temperature (body temp fluctuates within wide range)

156
Q

heterothermy

A

faciultative reduction in body temp by an endothermic animal

157
Q

facultative endothermy

A

increase in body temp of an ectothermic animal by means of some physiological process

158
Q

what are seabirds? (thermoregulation)

A

endotherms

159
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

range of temperatures where heat loss is balanced by production

160
Q

thermoneutral zone bounded by…

A

upper critical temperature and lower critical temperature

161
Q

conductive heat loss formula

A

H = SA * C (Tb - Ta)
H = conductive heat loss
SA = surface area
C = thermal conductance
Tb = body temp
Ta = ambient temp

162
Q

large objects = ____ SA:Volume = _____ heat retention

A

small; large

163
Q

how to reduce heat loss

A

large body size
reduction in surface area to volume ratio
feathers
decreased thermal conductance of integument
metabolic rate

164
Q

integument

A

outer surface of body

165
Q

rachis

A

distal end of central shaft of feather
solid
area to which vanes are attatched

166
Q

calamus

A

part of the shaft closest to bird’s body
hollow, without any vanes

167
Q

down feathers

A

rachis is missing, barbules lack hooks

168
Q

how do feathers trap air?

A

each vane contains hooks and barbs that allow air to come close to the body but prevents it from leaving, creating air pockets

169
Q

altricial chicks

A

do not have down

170
Q

precocial chicks

A

have down

171
Q

brood patch

A

region of the body that does not have feathers and is heavily vascularized, facilitation heat transfer to eggs during incubation

172
Q

types of insulation

A

tissues (fat deposits)
feather

173
Q

which insulation contributes more?

A

feathers

174
Q

how do feathers keep birds warm?

A

down at bottom of shaft
feathers flatten in water to keep down dry
dark plumage absorbs heat on land
high feather density

175
Q

how are penguin feathers specialized for insulation?

A

feathers erect on land to trap air
short, stiff, overlapping
pressed more closely together by strong winds, rather than apart

176
Q

how do oil spills affect thermoregulatory ability?

A

oil adheres to feathers, disrupting water-repellant properties
must increase metabolic heat production, susceptible to hypothermia in cold waters

177
Q

regional heterothermy

A

can maintain different temperature zones in different regions of the body

178
Q

peripheral vasoconstriction

A

constriction of blood vessels

179
Q

counter-current heat exchangers

A

warm arterial blood from core transfer heat to adjacent cool venous blood

180
Q

how to conserver heat via regional heterothermy?

A

peripheral vasoconstriction
counter-current heat exchangers
nasal passages
dark plumage

181
Q

nasal passages

A

water condenses on walls during exhalation

182
Q

birds in cold conditions

A

restrict blood flow to appendages
use counter current hear exchange
heat remains in body

183
Q

how are temperate penguins different than high latitude penguins?

A

more exposed areas
shorter feathers, less fat
typically smaller

184
Q

behavioral means of conserving heat

A

constant movement
basking
reduce surface area exposed to cold
form tortues

185
Q

tortues

A

huddles

186
Q

birds in hot conditions

A

let off heat
dilate blood vessels
bring heat from within body to surface (legs and feet)

187
Q

behavioral heat dissipation

A

seek shade
hold wings away from body
change posture and position to increase SA:V
gular fluttering and panting

188
Q

how do penguins cool down?

A

burrows
nocturnal behavior
rotate to face sun (reduce dark plumage exposure)

189
Q

homeothermy advantages

A

can live in cool environments
tolerant of most ocean systems
increased metabolic control
fast growth
higher activity rates
food digestion faster
faster healing

190
Q

homeothermy disadvantages

A

larger food requirements
lower habitat carrying capacity
lower efficiency in food use

MAR 377 (1 decks)

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