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Physiology of Sport and Exercise > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Structure of a sarcomere.
A

a bundle of myosin-containing thick filaments flanked and interdigitated with bundles of actin-containing thin filaments;

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2
Q
  1. What is a motor unit?
A

The combination of a Single a-motor neuron + all fibers it innervates

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3
Q
  1. Role of calcium.
A

Calcium binds to troponin causing it to move, myosin then binds to actin, causing contraction to occur

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4
Q
  1. What are the roles of titin and nebulin in the sarcomere?
A

Nebulin is a protein that anchors Actin (thin filaments) at the z-disk. Titin stabilizes sarcomeres and centers myosin filaments by resisting active stretching to prevent over stretching and damage to the sarcomere.

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5
Q
  1. How does a muscle contract (receiving the AP to relaxation)?
A
  1. Action potential (AP) starts in brain
  2. AP arrives at axon terminal, releases acetylcholine (ACh)
  3. ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma
  4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-tubules
  5. Triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  6. Ca2+ enables actin-myosin contraction
    7.AP ends, electrical stimulation of SR stops
  7. calcium is pumped back into SR
  8. troponin and tropomyosin return to resting conformation
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6
Q
  1. Major differences between Type I and II fibers (remember Type I = marathon runner, Type II = sprinter)
A

Type 1- SR development is low, sped of myosin ATPase is slow, Contraction speed 110, motor neuron conduction velocity slower, motor neuron size smaller, fiber per neuron ≤300, endurance athlete, motor unit strength is low, fatigue resistance is high, contractile speed is slow, glycolytic capacity is low, oxidative capacity is high, slow oxidative, slow twitch
Type 2- SR development is high, speed of myosin ATPase is fast, contraction speed 50, motor neuron conduction velocity faster, motor neuron size larger, fiber per neuron ≥300, power athlete, motor unit strength is high, fatigue resistance is moderate to low, contractile speed is fast, , glycolytic capacity is high/highest, oxidative capacity is moderately high/ low, (2a)fast oxidative/glycolytic, (2x) fast glycolytic, fast twitch

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7
Q
  1. What is the order of muscle fiber type recruitment and what is the size principle?
A

type I (smallest), type IIa (midsized), type IIx(largest); order of recruitment of motor units directly related to size of a-motor neuron, more muscle fiber produce

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8
Q
  1. What are the different types of muscle contraction? (What contraction is happening during a plank exercise?)
A

Static (isometric) contraction, Dynamic contraction, Concentric contraction, Eccentric contraction(lowering in pull up); Static (isometric) contraction

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9
Q
  1. Describe the length tension relationship/speed force relationship?
A
  • Length-tension relationship
    a. Optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap
    b. Too short or too stretched = little or no force develops

-Speed-force relationship
c. Concentric: maximal force development decreases at higher speeds
d. Eccentric: maximal force development increases at higher speeds

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10
Q
  1. What is the relation between calories, kcals and Calories?
A

1,000 cal = 1 kcal = 1 Calorie (dietary);

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11
Q
  1. Where are the main CHO and fat stores?
A

For CHO, it’s the liver, blood, and the muscle. Fat is stored in the subcutaneous (under the skin), intra muscular and visceral or abdominal (around the internal organs)

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12
Q
  1. What is the mass action effect of substrate metabolism?
A

It affects metabolic rate. The more available subtrate, the higher pathway activity. Excess of given substrate , cells will rely on that energy substrate more than others.

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13
Q
  1. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways, and give an example?
A

Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. Enzymes facilitate the breakdown (catabolism) of substrates. They lower the activation energy for a chemical reaction. Turning carbohydrates into simple sugar.

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14
Q
  1. Describe negative feedback as it relates to metabolism.
A

When the enzymes make it to by-product 3, the enzyme is fed back into the system which will limit the rate. increased ATP limiting the enzyme CK to slow down the PCr system.

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15
Q
  1. Describe ATP breakdown and synthesis.
A

ATP + water +ATPase (ATPase breaks down ATP) > broken down into ADP + Pi + energy which is the release of energy. Synthesis is ADP + Pi forming back into ATP and that with or without ATP.

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16
Q
  1. What dictates the density and location of mitochondria?
A

Density is determined by demand, and location is determined by oxygen diffusion

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17
Q
  1. What is the role of lactate during exercise?
A

Fuel during exercise. Muscles utilize lactate by taking it up by the mitochondria of the same muscle fiber and oxidized, it can be transported to another cell and oxidized there, or can recirculate back to the liver, reconverted to pyruvate and then to glucose through gluconeogenesis.

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18
Q
  1. What are the differences between brown and white fat?
A

White fat is lipid storage and breakdown (lipolysis); brown fat transfers energy from food directly into heat;

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19
Q
  1. What is metabolic flexibility?
A

The body’s ability to adapt the substrate being used for fuel to changing fuel availability and energy demands

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20
Q
  1. What are the pros and cons of each energy system?
A

PCR:
PRO: anerobic system, ATP ratio is 1:1, ATP produces quickly , CK helps PCr split into creatine, free energy and a phosphate group. Those phosphate, ADP and free energy, then creates ATP
CON: it can only sustain for around 3-15 s. cannot be used for cellular work

Glycolytic System
* Cons
– Low ATP yield, inefficient use of substrate
– Lack of O2 converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
– Lactic acid impairs glycolysis, muscle contraction
Pros
– Allows muscles to contract when O2 limited
– Permits shorter-term, higher-intensity exercise than oxidative metabolism can sustain

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21
Q
  1. Describe one factor that determines the oxidative capacity of muscle.
A

Oxygen Needs of Muscle. As intensity increase, so does ATP demand
In response-
Rate of oxidative ATP production increase
O2 intake at lungs increase
O2 delivery by heart, vessels increase

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22
Q
  1. Describe the crossover concept
A

At rest and exercise below 60% VO2max, lipids serve as the primary substrate. During high intensity (above 75% VO2max), carbohydrates serve as the primary substrate. the intersection, which is affected by exercise intensity and endurance training.

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23
Q
  1. List the 2 major divisions of the nervous system.
A

Central nervous system: brain, spinal cord; Peripheral nervous system

24
Q
  1. What is a neuron and what are the three major regions?
A

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; Cell body (soma), Dendrites, Axon

25
Q
  1. What is the function of the nervous system?
A

Electrical signal for communication between periphery and brain

26
Q
  1. What does it mean for a cell to be polarized, depolarization and repolarization?
A

Difference in electrical charges between outside and inside of cell Depolarization-Occurs when inside of cell becomes less negative, –70 mV  0 mV. More Na+ channels open, Na+ enters cell;+30 >-70 mv - repolarization

27
Q
  1. Describe the voltage and ion permeability changes during an action potential?
A
  1. Resting membrane potential Maintaining by sodium, potassium pump.
  2. Depolarization. Sodium channels open and sodium moves into the cell, depolarizing it.
  3. Overshoot. Sodium channels close and potassium channels begin to open to repolarize the cell.
  4. Repolarization. Potassium moves out of the cell.
  5. After hyperpolarization. Additional potassium moves out of the cell, hyperpolarizing it.
  6. Cell returns to resting membrane potential. Early in this perio0d, the cell is less able to respond to another action potential.
28
Q
  1. What is the difference between GPs and APs?
A

Graded potential helps cell body decide whether to pass signal to Axon. While action potentials pass, signal down Axon.

29
Q
  1. What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?
A

allows electrical impulses to Speed up propagation

30
Q
  1. What is the purpose of a neurotransmitter and name a neurotransmitter used for neuron to muscle communication?
A

To carry messages from one neuron to another. Acetylcholine.

31
Q
  1. What is the effect of exercise on neurotransmitters used during exercise?
A

Exercise increases release of acetylcholine.

32
Q
  1. What brain lobe controls skeletal muscle movement?
A

frontal

33
Q
  1. What part of the brain is associated with sustained or repetitive movements such as running?
A

Basal ganglia (cerebral white matter)

34
Q
  1. What part of the brain is associated with sustained or repetitive movements such as running?
A

Basal ganglia (cerebral white matter)

35
Q
  1. What part of the brain regulates the internal environment?
A

Hypothalamus

36
Q
  1. What important role in body movement does the cerebellum play?
A

making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance.

37
Q
  1. What are the two major divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what is the major difference between the two?
A

Sensory (afferent) division- Transmits information from periphery to brain; and Motor (efferent) division - Transmits information from brain to periphery

38
Q
  1. What are the major families of sensory receptors?
A

Mechanoreceptors: physical forces, Thermoreceptors: temperature, Nociceptors: pain, Photoreceptors: light, Chemoreceptors: chemical stimuli

39
Q
  1. Describe the different responses the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on cardiac tissue, etc.?
A

sympathetic is fight or flight, preparing the body for exercise increasing all activity needed for exercise. Parasympathetic opposes sympathetic effect, rest and digest, decreasing everything involved.

40
Q
  1. Describe the Sensory-Motor Integration response to touching a hot surface/pic prick/over stretched muscle/too much tension in a muscle (5 steps)?
A
  1. Stimulus sensed by sensory receptor, 2. Sensory AP sent on sensory neurons to CNS, 3. CNS interprets sensory information, sends out response, 4. Motor AP sent out on a-motor neurons,5. Motor AP arrives at skeletal muscle, response occurs.; Triggers reflex muscle contraction, Prevents further (damaging) stretch, stretch reflex
41
Q
  1. Muscle spindl-es are sensitive to changes in muscle ______ and GTOs are sensitive to changes in muscle ____
A

length; tension in tendon

42
Q
  1. How do muscle spindles/GTO reduce the risk of injury?
A

Inhibit agonists, excite antagonists

43
Q
  1. Describe how leptin and ghrelin act in opposing ways. Ghrelin increase appetite and leptin reduces hunger.
A

Ghrelin increase appetite and leptin reduces hunger.

44
Q
  1. Describe how the body reacts to a drop-in blood pressure due to exercise induced dehydration.
A

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase Na+ reabsorption, causing urine volume to decrease

45
Q
  1. What is the roll of ADH following exercise induced dehydration?
A

ADH is released, increasing water retention by kidneys to minimize water loss through urination

46
Q
  1. List 3 hormones involved in the regulation of fat metabolism during exercise.
A

FFA, GH

47
Q
  1. Insulin levels drop during exercise, but more glucose enters the cell. How?
A

Depending on the number of receptors on a target cell, will determine how sensitive the cell is to that hormone, resulting in the cells response

48
Q
  1. How do insulin and glucagon oppose each other?
A

Insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon raises blood glucose

49
Q
  1. List 3 effects of growth hormone (GH)/T3/T4.
A

Builds tissues, organs; Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy); Stimulates fat metabolism

50
Q
  1. What is downregulation/upregulation in regard to hormone action? Downregulation:  number of receptors during high plasma concentration = desensitization
    Upregulation:  number of receptors during high plasma concentration = sensitization
A

Downregulation: decrease number of receptors during high plasma concentration = desensitization
Upregulation: increase number of receptors during high plasma concentration = sensitization

51
Q
  1. Describe negative feedback in relation to hormones.
A

Hormone release causes change in body, High level of downstream change decrease secretion, Low level of downstream change increase secretion

52
Q
  1. How would you describe the secretion of hormones?
A

Exercise increase secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones

53
Q
  1. Describe the major differences between steroid and nonsteroid hormones. (Know the different mechanisms of action)
A

Nonsteroids cannot cross cell membrane while steroids can. Nonsteroid receptors are on cell membrane while steroid receptors are found inside the cell. The steroids Binds to DNA, direct gene activation and Regulates mRNA synthesis, protein synthesis. The nonsteroids is a second messenger so it Carries out hormone effects and Intensify strength of hormone signal

54
Q
  1. How do cells control hormone effect?
A

Depending on the number of receptors on a target cell, will determine how sensitive the cell is to that hormone, resulting in the cells response.

55
Q
  1. What is the function of the endocrine system?
A

it is the communication system. It maintains homeostasis via hormones that control and regulate cell/organ activity. Which acts on target cells.

Physiology of Sport and Exercise (1 decks)

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