Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO303 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Theory

A

a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence and that generates testable and falsifiable predictions and hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fact

A

some form of evidence that has been tested and confirmed so many times that there is no compelling reason to keep confirming it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is evolution a fact or a theory?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation for an observation or phenomenon that can be tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Working hypothesis

A

a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further testing, consideration, and research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alternative hypothesis approach

A

a hypothesis created that debates the original hypothesis
-it is essential to avoid trap of the incorrect “pet hypothesis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pet hypothesis

A

the hypothesis you want to believe versus the once based on observations and predictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Darwin’s Theories of Evolution

A

-evolution as such
-gradualism
-descent with modification
-multiplication of species
-natural selection
-sexual selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Non-Darwinian Theories of Evolution

A

-genetic recombination (flu)
-genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanisms of Evolution

A

-natural selection
-sexual selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patterns of Evolution

A

-evolution as such
-gradualism
-descent with modification
-multiplication of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A

-paleontological record
-vestigial organs
-extinction
-transitional forms
-evidence of descent with modification
-homologous structures
-molecular homology and fossil genes
-age of earth and geological time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Law of Succession

A

fossil types are succeeded, in the same geographic area, by similar fossils or living species (ex: south american armadillos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fossil genes (pseudogenes)

A

a gene that once produced a protein, but because of accumulation of mutations no longer does (not a switch gene that turns other genes on and off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of Vestigial Organs

A

-appendix
-tails in humans
-vestigial legs in snakes
-wisdom teeth in humans
-vestigial wings in New Zealand Kiwi
-vestigial hip and leg bones in whales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of Extinction

A

-mammoths and mastadons
-titanotheres (large herbivore)
-glyptodont (large armadillo like)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of Transitional forms

A

-bats with claws
-snails to slugs (snails have a shell, slugs do not)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Evidence of Descent with Modification

A

-phylogenic trees
-titanothere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Homology

A

similar characteristics among species
-structural homology
-developmental homology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Structural Homology

A

-all mammals have the same or very similar bone structure in the arm/wing/flipper
-indicates descent with modification from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

father of modern taxonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of describing, naming, and classifying species of living or fossil organisms (family, class, group, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nicolaus Steno

A

discovered strata layers in rock (stratigraphy)
-discovered fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stratigraphy

A

the study of layering in rock (stratification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Taxonomy Order (largest to smallest)

A

-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Robert Hooke

A

came up with natural theology - God furnished each plant and animal with contrivances necessary for their own existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

William Paley

A

believed anatomy was evidence of design by a Divine Creator
-wrote the Natural Theology book

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

George-Louis LeClerc Buffon

A

proposed Earth was formed according to the law of physics (comet struck the sun)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Paleontology

A

the study of prehistoric life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

proposed the idea of extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Extinction

A

refers to the permanent loss of species; marked by death or failure to breed of the last individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mary Anning

A

studied marine fossils which furthered evidence of extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

James Hutton

A

rocks form very slowly and changed landscapes in drastic ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

William Smith

A

realized older layers of rock had different fossils than younger layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

the diversity of life was the product of evolution still based off the Great Chain of Being
-primitive life was spontaneously generated all the time
-plants and animals could adapt to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the idea that the natural laws observable around us now are also responsible for events in the past (earth was shaped by gradual processes like erosion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Homologous characteristics

A

similar in 2 or more species because they are inherited from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Archetype

A

a fundamental plan to which some variation could be added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

claimed only those who could adapt to society’s needs to produce useful work would be able to survive and reproduce
-gave Darwin and Wallace the idea of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Adaptations

A

inherited aspects of an individual that allow it to outcompete other members of the same population that lack the trait (or have a different version)
-traits that have evolved through the mechanism of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Genetic Drift

A

evolution arising from random changes in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Artificial Selection

A

breeders select a desirable trait in their plants and animals and then increase that trait’s frequency in the stock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What species did Darwin breed himself?

A

pigeons
-common ancestor = Common Rock Dove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What island did Darwin study on?

A

Galapagos Islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What specific species did Darwin study on the Galopagos?

A

finches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The Modern Synthesis

A

when evolution came together with genetics
-gradual evolution results from small genetic changes acted upon by natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Macroevolution

A

the evolution of new species from existing species
-can be explained by microevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Microevolution

A

natural selection acting on individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many inferences did Darwin’s theory of natural selection consist of?

A

3 inferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How many facts were Darwin’s inferences (for his theory of natural selection) based off of?

A

5 facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are Darwin’s inferences for his theory of natural selection?

A

1.) since more individuals are produced than can be supported by the available resources but population size remains stable, it means that there must be fierce struggle for existence among the individuals of a populations resulting in the survival of only a part of the progeny of each generations
2.) survival in the struggle for existence is not random but depends in part on the hereditary constitution of the surviving individuals. This unequal survival constitutes the process of natural selection
3.) over the generations this process of natural selection will lead to a continuing gradual change of populations, that is, to evolution and to the production of new species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are Darwin’s facts for his inferences of the theory of natural selection?

A

1.) all species have great potential fertility that their population size would increase exponentially if all individuals that were born reproduced successfully
2.) except for minor annual fluctuations and occasional major fluctuations, populations normally display stability in size
3.) natural resources are limited. In a stable environment they remain relatively constant
4.) no two individuals are exactly the same; rather every population displays enormous variability
5.) much of the variation is heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the 3 patterns of selection?

A

-directional selection
-stabilizing selection
-disruptive selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Directional selection

A

when the population or trait as a whole shifts left or right over generations

56
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

when the population or trait as a whole gets narrower or wider over generations

57
Q

Disruptive selection

A

when the population or trait splits into two different directions over generations

58
Q

What do prevailing environmental conditions influence?

A

which individuals with a given genetic phenotype will best survive and compete, and thus will leave the most offspring in the next generation

59
Q

Darwinian Fitness

A

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in nature
-easy to understand but not easy to define or measure

60
Q

How can fitness be measured?

A

-as a number of offspring produced by an individual
-as a number of grand-offspring produced
-as number of great, great, great grand-children produced

61
Q

Reproductive success

A

the relative production of fertile offspring by a genotype
-a measure of fitness

62
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

the number of viable offspring you produce plus the number of viable offspring produced by those related to you
-the most complete measure of reproductive success

63
Q

Direct fitness

A

the number of viable offspring you produce

64
Q

Indirect fitness

A

the number of viable offspring produced by those related to you

65
Q

Examples of evolution acting on pre-existing characteristics of an individual

A

-evolution of the eye
-mammalian sesamoid bones

66
Q

Evolutionary trade-off

A

-species with a big gut cannot have a large brain
-species with a large brain have small guts

67
Q

Phylogeny

A

a visual representation of the evolutionary history of populations, genes, or species

68
Q

Phylogenetics

A

the study of the evolutionary history, development and relationships among groups of organisms

69
Q

Clade

A

an organism and all of its descendants

70
Q

Where does variation occur?

A

in the population (not the individual)

71
Q

Richard Lenski

A

studied E.Coli

72
Q

Peter and Rosemary Grant

A

studied evolution and natural selection on the island of the Galapagos, Daphne Major
-studied the medium ground finch

73
Q

Daphne Major

A

volcanic island that is ecologically simple and has had no species go extinct (due to hard to get to for humans)
-finches rarely come or go

74
Q

Finch eating habits

A

-beak size is heritable
-only when the environment changed did finches food become specialized
-after drought = deeper larger beaks
-after wet rainy season = smaller beaks

75
Q

3 lessons from the Grants research:

A

1.) natural selection may vary in intensity
2.) evolution can happen surprisingly fast
3.) the pattern of selection can change over time (strength and direction of selection fluctuate)

76
Q

Ecological character displacement

A

refers to evolution driven by competition between species for a shared resource
-traits evolve in opposing directions minimizing overlap between species

77
Q

Hopi Hoekstra

A

studied mice in Southeastern US

78
Q

Requirements for natural selection to lead to evolution:

A

1.) phenotypic variation
2.) a genetic basis that can be passed down from parents to offspring
3.) variation in the trait leads to differential reproductive success among individuals in the population

79
Q

Gene flow

A

the movement, or migration, of alleles from one population to another
-controlled by many variables

80
Q

Harper and Pfennig

A

studied scarlet kingsnakes color pattern and found that variation between the northern and southern populations of kingsnakes is not a result of genetic isolation, there was gene flow

81
Q

Aposematism

A

an antipredator strategy used by a potential prey item to signal danger or a lack of palatability

82
Q

How many agents of selection can act on a trait?

A

more than one
-sometimes they can drive populations in 2 different directions at once
ex.) gallfly

83
Q

Extended phenotypes

A

structures constructed by organisms that can influence their performance or success
-they are not apart of the organism itself but the properties reflect the genotype of each individual

84
Q

Gallflies

A

-inherited differences of the flies not the plants
-flies induced galls to form their host plant
-gallsize influenced fitness

85
Q

Three-spined sticklebacks

A

-isolated sticklebacks experienced a new set of selected pressures
-marine sticklebacks have armor (Eda gene)
-lake sticklebacks have less armor

86
Q

Where is the frequency of lactase persistence the highest?

A

-northwestern europe
-western Africa
-southern Asia

87
Q

Who cannot digest milk?

A

-Austrailia
-South Africa
-Asia
-southeast Europe

88
Q

Hitchhiking

A

a new allele arises through a mutation passed down from one generation to the next with some surrounding DNA

89
Q

Genetic linkage

A

refers to the physical proximity of alleles at different loci

90
Q

Selective sweep

A

describes the situation in which strong selection can “sweep” a favorable allele to fixation within a population so fast that there is little opportunity for recombination

91
Q

What did all modern corn/maize descend from?

A

a southern Mexico plant Teosinte

92
Q

What is loss of variation an indication of?

A

strong selection and a genetic bottleneck

93
Q

What 3 genes contributed to the evolution of maize?

A

1.) teosinte branched I
2.) prolamin box binding factor
3.) sugary I

94
Q

What species has the most phenotypic variation today?

A

dogs

95
Q

What was first used on crops to ward off insects?

A

sulfur and lime sulfur

96
Q

Glysophate

A

chemical herbicide the kills weeds by blocking the construction of amino acids (attacks the EPSP enzyme)

97
Q

Palmer amaranth

A

a type of weed that became resistant to glysophate because of gene duplication

98
Q

Bt

A

a pesticide that evolution can be managed effectively by if used effectively
-produces toxic crystals in the insects gut and makes them sick

99
Q

Bruce Tabashnik

A

proposed Bt-free “refuge” fields on farms to prevent resistance

100
Q

Invasive species

A

often experience strong directional selection within their new habitat
ex.) cane frogs in austrailia

101
Q

How did cane frogs adapt to their new environment?

A

their bodies and gland sizes got smaller
-legs got longer
-austrailian snakes became larger in response

102
Q

Traits that experience selection due to human hunting and fishing:

A

-age and size at sexual maturity
-body size or morphology, sexual dimorphism
-sexually selected weapons
-timing of reproduction
-behavior
-dispersal/migration

103
Q

Monophyletic

A

a term used to describe a group of organisms that form a clade

104
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared derived character
-this is a character that evolved in an immediate common ancestor

105
Q

What is determined by synapomorphies?

A

clades

106
Q

Homoplasy

A

character state similarity NOT due to common descent (=analogous structures)

107
Q

Convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar trait
-causes homoplasy

108
Q

Evolutionary reversals

A

reversion back to an ancestral character state
-causes homoplasy

109
Q

Parsimony

A

a criterion for selecting among alternative patterns or explanations based on minimizing the total amount of change or complexity

110
Q

Paraphyletic

A

there are members of a clade left off on one of the sides/clades (not correct!)

111
Q

Polyphyletic

A

there are members of multiple clades being left off (not correct!)

112
Q

Ear bones

A

-ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
-ear bones used to be on the jaw (example of exapation)

113
Q

Exapation

A

characteristics evolved in the past, benefit in the future

114
Q

Branches

A

lineages evolving through time that connect successive speciation or other branching events

115
Q

Node

A

points in a phylogeny where lineage splits

116
Q

Tips

A

the terminal ends of an evolutionary tree, representing species, molecules, or populations being compared

117
Q

Internal nodes

A

nodes that occur within a phylogeny and represent ancestral populations or species

118
Q

Cladogram

A

a phylogenetic tree that shows only the relationships among species

119
Q

Characters (of the taxa)

A

heritable aspects of organisms that can be compared across taxa

120
Q

Taxa

A

groups of organisms that a taxonomist judges to be cohesive taxonomist units such as a species or order

121
Q

Carnassials

A

large side teeth that allow carnivores to shear meat off their pray (evidence that mammals descend from a common ancestor)

122
Q

Outgroups

A

groups of organisms that are outside of the monophyletic group being considered

123
Q

What is a tree that is most parsimonious?

A

the tree topology with the least number of character-state changes

124
Q

Consensus tree

A

combining hypotheses into one tree-represents the resolved and unresolved portions of the phylogeny

125
Q

Polytomy

A

describes an internal node of a phylogeny with more than 2 branches (represents unsolved relationships)

126
Q

Independent contrasts

A

a method to minimize error

127
Q

Neil Shubin

A

studied tetrapod fossils
-discovered Tiktaalik

128
Q

What is the name of the clade with coelancanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods?

A

lobe-fins
-have fishy lobes with stout bones instead of webbed pectoral fins

129
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

describes the transfer of genetic material other than from parent to offspring - to another organism sometimes distantly related one, without reproduction

130
Q

Synapsids

A

mammals and their ancestors

131
Q

What are the 3 branches of living mammals?

A

-Monotremes
-Therians = marsupials and eutherians

132
Q

Monotremes

A

-produce milk but through a loose network of glands not a nipple
-lay eggs
-platypus and echnida

133
Q

Marsupials (therians)

A

-bear live young
-young crawl into pouch after they’re born
-opossums, kangaroos, koalas

134
Q

Eutherian (therians)

A

-develop a placenta to feed embryos in the uterus
-humans and mammals
-not higher up than monotremes

135
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

an extinct bird that fossils show had teeth in its beak, claws on its wings, and a long reptillian tail
-led to the study of birds descending from dinosaurs

BIO303 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions