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FM 425 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which ingredient created the greatest changes in the feed industry?

A

Soybean meal

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2
Q

T/F: By-products have been used extensively throughout the history of the feed industry.

A

True

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3
Q

What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the southeast

A

Poultry

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4
Q

What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the midwest

A

Swine

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5
Q

What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the west, south

A

Beef

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6
Q

What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the northeast, northern plains, and west coast

A

Dairy

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7
Q

List the order when the following ingredients first entered the feed industry:
Meat by products, animal fats, molasses, soybean meal, amino acids, DDGs

A

1st (1850s)- molasses
2nd(1890s)- meat by products
3rd(1920s)- soybean meal
4th(1950s)- animal fats
5th(1970s)-amino acids
6th(1980s)-DDGs

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8
Q

How many different types of feed are usually fed to broiler chickens before they are processes for meat?

A

4 feeds: starter, grower, finisher, and withdrawl

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9
Q

Which ingredients would a feed mill need to stock for swine nursery diets?

A

spray dried whey, corn, spray dried plasma

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10
Q

How much feed does a sow consume per year?

A

2000 lbs/year

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11
Q

The concentration of nutrients in a diet will increase/decrease/equilibriate/remain constant each year

A

Decrease

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12
Q

A feeding plan is a strategic plan to supply _____ objectives

A

Animal production

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13
Q

T/F: Roughly 25% of mixed feed produced in the US is for ruminants

A

True

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14
Q

T/F: Cattle are fed independently of environmental conditions.

A

False

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15
Q

Goats are very sensitive to what?

A

Copper (Cu)

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16
Q

Types of block supplements include: pressed, chemically hardened, coated, wrapper

A

Pressed, chemically hardened

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17
Q

Which by-products would be typically fed to dairy cattle?

A

Cottonseed meal, DDGs, corn gluten meal

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18
Q

Which of the following components of dairy feed would likely be produced in a commercial feed mill?

A

Concentrate

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19
Q

The GI tract of a horse is based on..

A

Hindgut fermentation

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20
Q

What is the most common form of manufactured fish feed?

A

Extruded pellets

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21
Q

T/F: Manufactured feeds for exotic animals usually supply 100% of their daily dietary needs

A

False

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22
Q

Which one of the following products is NOT usually manufactured for pets?

A

Pelletized products

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23
Q

Which of the following attributes has little effect on pet food palatability?

A

Product color and visual appearance

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the desolventizer-toaster unit in a soy processing plant?

A

Remove the hexane solvent and heat treat the meal

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25
Q

What category is wheat middlings in?

A

Cereal grain by product

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26
Q

What category is rice in?

A

Cereal grain

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27
Q

What category is limestone in?

A

Mineral

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28
Q

What category is barley in?

A

Cereal grain

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29
Q

What category is lysine in?

A

Amino acid

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30
Q

What category is poultry meal in?

A

Rendered product

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31
Q

What category is DDGs in?

A

Cereal grain by-product

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32
Q

What category is copper sulfate in?

A

Mineral

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33
Q

What category is canola meal in?

A

Oilseed by-product

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34
Q

What ingredients are most likely to be necessary/required to make feed?

A

Corn, soybean meal, salt

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35
Q

Ingredient definitions can be found in the _____ official publication

A

AAFCO

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36
Q

What is the most common method of large-scale oilseed processing?

A

Solvent extraction

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37
Q

T/F: DDGs are used in feed formulas primarily as a cheap source of energy

A

False

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38
Q

Animal by-product meals are often characterized by:

A

proteins content, predominant source, ash content

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39
Q

Which of the following is generally not considered a minor ingredient?

A

Cereal grain

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40
Q

Meat and bone meal is:

A

A processed bulk ingredient transported and stored in ground or powdered form

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41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a co-product of the wheat flour milling process?

A

Hominy

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42
Q

T/F: The nutritional content of bakery by-product will vary based on the season

A

True

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43
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a macro-mineral?

A

Manganese

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44
Q

T/F: The ideal premix carrier ingredient will be hygroscopic in order to attract moisture and protect the active ingredient

A

False

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45
Q

Is vitamin A a nutrient or pro nutrient?

A

Nutrient

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46
Q

Is calcium a nutrient or pro nutrient?

A

Nutrient

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47
Q

Is L-Lysine HCL a nutrient or pro nutrient?

A

Nutrient

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48
Q

Is buffer a nutrient or pro nutrient?

A

Pro nutrient

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49
Q

Is coccidostat (medication) a nutrient or pro nutrient?

A

Pro nutrient

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50
Q

Is enzyme a nutrient or pro nutrient?

A

Pro nutrient

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51
Q

Which of the following feed additives does not supply nutrients?

A

Coccidostat (medication)

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52
Q

Which of the following ingredients are most likely to be classified as micro-ingredients?

A

Trace minerals and antibiotics

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53
Q

Liquid fats are valuable to the feed mill becuase:

A

They allow for formulation flexibility and liquid ingredients help to address storage space concerns

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54
Q

Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:

A

They remain active in the finished feed

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55
Q

Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:

A

They remain active in the finished feed

55
Q

Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:

A

They remain active in the finished feed

55
Q

Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:

A

They remain active in the finished feed

56
Q

Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:

A

They remain active in the finished feed

57
Q

As a facility begins to use more ingredients to “fine-tune” nutrition, the importance of being able to use liquid ingredients _______.

A

Increases

58
Q

Which of the following amino acids would be most likely to be added in a liquid form?

A

Methionine and Lysine

59
Q

Which of the following are liquid ingredients that might be used in feed manufacture?

A

Fats and oils, amino acids, enzymes, mold inhibitors

60
Q

T/F: Most liquid addition systems utilize scales for weighing

A

False

61
Q

T/F: Liquid fats are the largest source of energy in most animal feeds

A

False

62
Q

T/F: Commercial feed mills can only produce complete feeds

A

False

63
Q

Which of the following is true for integrated feed mills?

A

Uses relatively few ingredients, likely to be highly automated, operates with a relatively small staff

64
Q

Integrated feed mills typically produce feed for _____

A

Single

65
Q

Does commercial or integrated have optimal performance for meat production?

A

Integrated

66
Q

Does commercial or integrated have customer service?

A

Commercial

67
Q

Does commercial or integrated sell feed for profit

A

Commercial

68
Q

A commercial feed mill is not likely to…

A

Focus primarily on max throughout

69
Q

When was the first feed standard and by who?

A

1810 by Thaer

70
Q

What year did the national research council begin publishing feed standards for different species

A

1944

71
Q

What led to the production of high protein soybean meal in the 1950s

A

Introduction of high energy, low fiber diets for broilers and layers

72
Q

What are the basic objectives for commercial feed mills?

A

Sell feed for profit and customer service

73
Q

What are the basic objectives for integrated feed mills?

A

Low cost high volume, delivery nutrients to animals for optimal performance or meat production

74
Q

What are the basic objectives for on farm businesses

A

Utilize grain grown on the raise animals and minimize feed input costs

75
Q

What countries account for nearly 1.3 of total feed production

A

US and China

76
Q

What species is number one in global feed production?

A

Swine

77
Q

What are the 3 main objectives of a feeding program?

A

Nutrients, health and constant production, and production goals based on business model

78
Q

What are the 3 flocks that a feeding program for layers and breeders have?

A

Pullet flock, laying flocks and molted flocks

79
Q

What enzyme is used as a supplemental ion for poultry feeding that is very well known?

A

Phytase to help digest phytate which is a bound form of phosphorus in plant ingredients

80
Q

What are MOS or mannan olifosacchari des

A

Used in poultry diets to improve gut health, boost performance and control salmonella in poultry

81
Q

How are vitamins and macro-minerals usually added to a swine diet

A

Through premixes

82
Q

Are early weaned pigs diets rely heavily on?

A

Pelleted

83
Q

What main protein source do swine diets rely heavily on?

A

Soybean meal

84
Q

What are some milk products that can be added to a swine nursery diet?

A

spray dried whey, whey permeate and pure lactose

85
Q

What do grower and finisher diets usually consist of for swine?

A

Corn and soybean meals with some synthetic amino acids

86
Q

T/F: As body weight increases amino acid requirements decrease for swine

A

True

87
Q

What two things are pigs fed to meet?

A

Maintenance and tissue growth requirements

88
Q

What 3 things make up lean in grower-finisher diets for swine?

A

protein + water + fat

89
Q

What is the total feed intake for grower-finisher pigs?

A

600 lbs/pig

90
Q

How long does it take to get a pig from nursery weight to market weight?

A

4 months

91
Q

What are the toxins called that milk products are screened for and what is the most commonly referred to one?

A

Mycotoxins, most common is alflatoxin

92
Q

What control coccidiosis in cattle diets?

A

Ionophores

93
Q

What are some sources of energy for small ruminant diets?

A

Carbohydrates from grains, milling by products, and mollasses and fat

94
Q

What Ca: P is the preferred ratio

A

At least 2:1

95
Q

Where are B- vitamins and vitamin K synthesized in small ruminants

A

gut microorganisms

96
Q

Where is vitamin C synthesized in small ruminants?

A

Body tissues

97
Q

Where is vitamin D synthesized in small ruminants?

A

Skin of animals exposed to sunlight

98
Q

Out of all the vitamins in small ruminant feeds what is the most likely to be deficient and needed to be added?

A

Vitamin A

99
Q

What vitamin do sheep require a supplementation of?

A

Vitamin E

100
Q

What is a popular machine to mix TMRS?

A

Horizontal auger mixers and vertical mixers

101
Q

What are the two types of supplemental blocks?

A

Chemically hardened and pressed

102
Q

What is produced by fermentation which is used for energy?

A

VFAs

103
Q

At least how much percentage of a horses’ diet should be forage

A

50%

104
Q

Lactating mares should consume how much percentage of their body weight in early lactation?

A

3%

105
Q

Corn is limited horse rations due to the animals sensitivity to what?

A

Fumonisin

106
Q

About how much of all meat by products produced in the US are utilized in pet foods?

A

25%

107
Q

What vitamin is usually supplemented in fish feed?

A

Vitamin C

108
Q

What are the four categories of the types of pet foods manufactured?

A

dry expanded products, semi-moist products, soft expanded products and snacks

109
Q

What are the 3 types of fish feed manufactured?

A

Extruded floating feed, extruded slow sinking feed, and pelleted feed (sinking)

110
Q

What is the largest single component of most feed manufactured in the US?

A

Cereal grain

111
Q

Where did sorghum originate?

A

Africa or Asia

112
Q

Where did oats originate?

A

The asia minor

113
Q

What are some wheat co products?

A

Brain, middlings, shorts, and red dog

114
Q

What is the most recent cereal grain

A

Rye

115
Q

What are the 3 largest producers of soybeans?

A

Brazil, the US and Argentina

116
Q

In soybean solvent extraction what is used as the solvent that washes out the oil?

A

Hexane

117
Q

Why is the toasting step of soybean oil extraction critical?

A

It deactivates the trypsin inhibitor

118
Q

What does the dry extruder do in the soybean expeller process?

A

Cooks the soybeans and ruptures the cell walls to facilitate oil extraction

119
Q

What does the expeller do in the expeller process of soybeans?

A

Removes the oil by pressing the soybeans

120
Q

What is the most commonly used soybean meal in the marketplace?

A

Dehulled, solvent extracted soybean meal

121
Q

What is a common problem with the use of canola and rapeseed meals

A

It is high in glucosinolates which have a bitter taste

122
Q

What is a common problem with the use of peanut meals?

A

Alflatoxins

123
Q

What is a common problem with the use of cottonseed meal?

A

High phytate content

124
Q

What is added in the corn ethanol process to convert sugars to ethanol?

A

Yeast

125
Q

What industry uses the highest percentage of DDGs?

A

Cattle

126
Q

What is fish meal normally fed to?

A

Swine nursery and pre-starters

127
Q

What macro minerals will almost all feeds contain?

A

Calcium, phosphorus, and salt

128
Q

What is the most common source of calcium?

A

Limestone

129
Q

What is the difference between an essential amino acid and a limiting AA?

A

Essential is an AA that a specific animal cant adequately synthesize in the body while a limiting is the essential AA in the lowest amount in relation to the animals need for that particular AA

130
Q

What are the most common added synthetic amino acids?

A

Lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan

131
Q

What is the most popular inorganic matter?

A

Limestone

132
Q

Explain fat storage?

A

Need to always be kept heated, and recirculated

133
Q

What is the byproduct of biodiesel production

A

Glycerol

134
Q

What are put into the feed to reduce the potential degradation of vitamins during long term storage

A

Antioxidants

135
Q

What are 4 objectives for manufacturing animal feeds

A

Fulfilling nutritional and physiological requirements, fulfilling statutory demands, fulfilling regulations, and having a competitive price

FM 425 (3 decks)

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