Exam 1 Flashcards
Which ingredient created the greatest changes in the feed industry?
Soybean meal
T/F: By-products have been used extensively throughout the history of the feed industry.
True
What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the southeast
Poultry
What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the midwest
Swine
What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the west, south
Beef
What livestock has the highest commodity concentration in the northeast, northern plains, and west coast
Dairy
List the order when the following ingredients first entered the feed industry:
Meat by products, animal fats, molasses, soybean meal, amino acids, DDGs
1st (1850s)- molasses
2nd(1890s)- meat by products
3rd(1920s)- soybean meal
4th(1950s)- animal fats
5th(1970s)-amino acids
6th(1980s)-DDGs
How many different types of feed are usually fed to broiler chickens before they are processes for meat?
4 feeds: starter, grower, finisher, and withdrawl
Which ingredients would a feed mill need to stock for swine nursery diets?
spray dried whey, corn, spray dried plasma
How much feed does a sow consume per year?
2000 lbs/year
The concentration of nutrients in a diet will increase/decrease/equilibriate/remain constant each year
Decrease
A feeding plan is a strategic plan to supply _____ objectives
Animal production
T/F: Roughly 25% of mixed feed produced in the US is for ruminants
True
T/F: Cattle are fed independently of environmental conditions.
False
Goats are very sensitive to what?
Copper (Cu)
Types of block supplements include: pressed, chemically hardened, coated, wrapper
Pressed, chemically hardened
Which by-products would be typically fed to dairy cattle?
Cottonseed meal, DDGs, corn gluten meal
Which of the following components of dairy feed would likely be produced in a commercial feed mill?
Concentrate
The GI tract of a horse is based on..
Hindgut fermentation
What is the most common form of manufactured fish feed?
Extruded pellets
T/F: Manufactured feeds for exotic animals usually supply 100% of their daily dietary needs
False
Which one of the following products is NOT usually manufactured for pets?
Pelletized products
Which of the following attributes has little effect on pet food palatability?
Product color and visual appearance
What is the primary function of the desolventizer-toaster unit in a soy processing plant?
Remove the hexane solvent and heat treat the meal
What category is wheat middlings in?
Cereal grain by product
What category is rice in?
Cereal grain
What category is limestone in?
Mineral
What category is barley in?
Cereal grain
What category is lysine in?
Amino acid
What category is poultry meal in?
Rendered product
What category is DDGs in?
Cereal grain by-product
What category is copper sulfate in?
Mineral
What category is canola meal in?
Oilseed by-product
What ingredients are most likely to be necessary/required to make feed?
Corn, soybean meal, salt
Ingredient definitions can be found in the _____ official publication
AAFCO
What is the most common method of large-scale oilseed processing?
Solvent extraction
T/F: DDGs are used in feed formulas primarily as a cheap source of energy
False
Animal by-product meals are often characterized by:
proteins content, predominant source, ash content
Which of the following is generally not considered a minor ingredient?
Cereal grain
Meat and bone meal is:
A processed bulk ingredient transported and stored in ground or powdered form
Which of the following is NOT a co-product of the wheat flour milling process?
Hominy
T/F: The nutritional content of bakery by-product will vary based on the season
True
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a macro-mineral?
Manganese
T/F: The ideal premix carrier ingredient will be hygroscopic in order to attract moisture and protect the active ingredient
False
Is vitamin A a nutrient or pro nutrient?
Nutrient
Is calcium a nutrient or pro nutrient?
Nutrient
Is L-Lysine HCL a nutrient or pro nutrient?
Nutrient
Is buffer a nutrient or pro nutrient?
Pro nutrient
Is coccidostat (medication) a nutrient or pro nutrient?
Pro nutrient
Is enzyme a nutrient or pro nutrient?
Pro nutrient
Which of the following feed additives does not supply nutrients?
Coccidostat (medication)
Which of the following ingredients are most likely to be classified as micro-ingredients?
Trace minerals and antibiotics
Liquid fats are valuable to the feed mill becuase:
They allow for formulation flexibility and liquid ingredients help to address storage space concerns
Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:
They remain active in the finished feed
Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:
They remain active in the finished feed
Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:
They remain active in the finished feed
Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:
They remain active in the finished feed
Liquid pathogen control ingredients may be considered a good alternative to methods such as thermal processing because:
They remain active in the finished feed
As a facility begins to use more ingredients to “fine-tune” nutrition, the importance of being able to use liquid ingredients _______.
Increases
Which of the following amino acids would be most likely to be added in a liquid form?
Methionine and Lysine
Which of the following are liquid ingredients that might be used in feed manufacture?
Fats and oils, amino acids, enzymes, mold inhibitors
T/F: Most liquid addition systems utilize scales for weighing
False
T/F: Liquid fats are the largest source of energy in most animal feeds
False
T/F: Commercial feed mills can only produce complete feeds
False
Which of the following is true for integrated feed mills?
Uses relatively few ingredients, likely to be highly automated, operates with a relatively small staff
Integrated feed mills typically produce feed for _____
Single
Does commercial or integrated have optimal performance for meat production?
Integrated
Does commercial or integrated have customer service?
Commercial
Does commercial or integrated sell feed for profit
Commercial
A commercial feed mill is not likely to…
Focus primarily on max throughout
When was the first feed standard and by who?
1810 by Thaer
What year did the national research council begin publishing feed standards for different species
1944
What led to the production of high protein soybean meal in the 1950s
Introduction of high energy, low fiber diets for broilers and layers
What are the basic objectives for commercial feed mills?
Sell feed for profit and customer service
What are the basic objectives for integrated feed mills?
Low cost high volume, delivery nutrients to animals for optimal performance or meat production
What are the basic objectives for on farm businesses
Utilize grain grown on the raise animals and minimize feed input costs
What countries account for nearly 1.3 of total feed production
US and China
What species is number one in global feed production?
Swine
What are the 3 main objectives of a feeding program?
Nutrients, health and constant production, and production goals based on business model
What are the 3 flocks that a feeding program for layers and breeders have?
Pullet flock, laying flocks and molted flocks
What enzyme is used as a supplemental ion for poultry feeding that is very well known?
Phytase to help digest phytate which is a bound form of phosphorus in plant ingredients
What are MOS or mannan olifosacchari des
Used in poultry diets to improve gut health, boost performance and control salmonella in poultry
How are vitamins and macro-minerals usually added to a swine diet
Through premixes
Are early weaned pigs diets rely heavily on?
Pelleted
What main protein source do swine diets rely heavily on?
Soybean meal
What are some milk products that can be added to a swine nursery diet?
spray dried whey, whey permeate and pure lactose
What do grower and finisher diets usually consist of for swine?
Corn and soybean meals with some synthetic amino acids
T/F: As body weight increases amino acid requirements decrease for swine
True
What two things are pigs fed to meet?
Maintenance and tissue growth requirements
What 3 things make up lean in grower-finisher diets for swine?
protein + water + fat
What is the total feed intake for grower-finisher pigs?
600 lbs/pig
How long does it take to get a pig from nursery weight to market weight?
4 months
What are the toxins called that milk products are screened for and what is the most commonly referred to one?
Mycotoxins, most common is alflatoxin
What control coccidiosis in cattle diets?
Ionophores
What are some sources of energy for small ruminant diets?
Carbohydrates from grains, milling by products, and mollasses and fat
What Ca: P is the preferred ratio
At least 2:1
Where are B- vitamins and vitamin K synthesized in small ruminants
gut microorganisms
Where is vitamin C synthesized in small ruminants?
Body tissues
Where is vitamin D synthesized in small ruminants?
Skin of animals exposed to sunlight
Out of all the vitamins in small ruminant feeds what is the most likely to be deficient and needed to be added?
Vitamin A
What vitamin do sheep require a supplementation of?
Vitamin E
What is a popular machine to mix TMRS?
Horizontal auger mixers and vertical mixers
What are the two types of supplemental blocks?
Chemically hardened and pressed
What is produced by fermentation which is used for energy?
VFAs
At least how much percentage of a horses’ diet should be forage
50%
Lactating mares should consume how much percentage of their body weight in early lactation?
3%
Corn is limited horse rations due to the animals sensitivity to what?
Fumonisin
About how much of all meat by products produced in the US are utilized in pet foods?
25%
What vitamin is usually supplemented in fish feed?
Vitamin C
What are the four categories of the types of pet foods manufactured?
dry expanded products, semi-moist products, soft expanded products and snacks
What are the 3 types of fish feed manufactured?
Extruded floating feed, extruded slow sinking feed, and pelleted feed (sinking)
What is the largest single component of most feed manufactured in the US?
Cereal grain
Where did sorghum originate?
Africa or Asia
Where did oats originate?
The asia minor
What are some wheat co products?
Brain, middlings, shorts, and red dog
What is the most recent cereal grain
Rye
What are the 3 largest producers of soybeans?
Brazil, the US and Argentina
In soybean solvent extraction what is used as the solvent that washes out the oil?
Hexane
Why is the toasting step of soybean oil extraction critical?
It deactivates the trypsin inhibitor
What does the dry extruder do in the soybean expeller process?
Cooks the soybeans and ruptures the cell walls to facilitate oil extraction
What does the expeller do in the expeller process of soybeans?
Removes the oil by pressing the soybeans
What is the most commonly used soybean meal in the marketplace?
Dehulled, solvent extracted soybean meal
What is a common problem with the use of canola and rapeseed meals
It is high in glucosinolates which have a bitter taste
What is a common problem with the use of peanut meals?
Alflatoxins
What is a common problem with the use of cottonseed meal?
High phytate content
What is added in the corn ethanol process to convert sugars to ethanol?
Yeast
What industry uses the highest percentage of DDGs?
Cattle
What is fish meal normally fed to?
Swine nursery and pre-starters
What macro minerals will almost all feeds contain?
Calcium, phosphorus, and salt
What is the most common source of calcium?
Limestone
What is the difference between an essential amino acid and a limiting AA?
Essential is an AA that a specific animal cant adequately synthesize in the body while a limiting is the essential AA in the lowest amount in relation to the animals need for that particular AA
What are the most common added synthetic amino acids?
Lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan
What is the most popular inorganic matter?
Limestone
Explain fat storage?
Need to always be kept heated, and recirculated
What is the byproduct of biodiesel production
Glycerol
What are put into the feed to reduce the potential degradation of vitamins during long term storage
Antioxidants
What are 4 objectives for manufacturing animal feeds
Fulfilling nutritional and physiological requirements, fulfilling statutory demands, fulfilling regulations, and having a competitive price
