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Biology 201 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four main characteristics of life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

What is the polymer of proteins?

A

chain of amino acids

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3
Q

What is the polymer of nucleic acid?

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

A phospholipid consists of?

A

1 phosphate, 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acid tails

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5
Q

What does it mean if something is hydrophobic?

A

does not interact well with water

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6
Q

What does it mean if something is hydrophilic?

A

likes to interact with water, includes at least one of the atoms in NOPS

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

large molecules usually proteins.

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8
Q

What is the function of an enzyme in a cell?

A

Speeds up the reaction, however is NOT consumed during the process

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9
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

contains carbon atoms joined by double bonds. usually liquid. (ex: olive oil)

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10
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

DOES NOT contain carbon joined by double bonds. Usually solid at room temp. (ex:butter)

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11
Q

Which is harder to break apart in the body, a saturated fat or an unsaturated fat?

A

A saturated fat

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12
Q

Proteins are…

A

Hydrophilic, made up of amino acids, contain carbon, sequence is determined by DNA

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13
Q

Amino acids have _______ that make them unique?

A

an amino group and a carboxyl group

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14
Q

Proteins can take up to 4 shapes, what are those shapes respectively.

A

primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

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15
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

linear chain of amino acids, dictated by DNA. the order of the amino acid will effect the shape

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16
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

the peptide chain folds due to…
HYDROGEN BONDING

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17
Q

What shapes are seen in the secondary structure of a protein

A
  1. Alpha helix ( cork screw, more elastic)
  2. Beta pleated sheets (stronger than a - helix)
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18
Q

Tertiary structure of a proteins folds due to interactions between

A

R groups

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19
Q

Enzymes need what in order to function?

A

A 3-dimensional shape

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20
Q

Quaternary structure of a protein is when

A

there is an interaction between 2 or more polypeptides

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21
Q

Proteins are responsible for ________ in a cell.

A

function

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22
Q

The shape of a protein depends on…….

A
  1. sequence of amino acids
  2. H-H bonds and sulfur bonds
  3. Interactions between R groups
  4. Interactions with 2 or more polypeptides
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23
Q

what is rubisco?

A

Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation in photosynthesis

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24
Q

What is an Allosteric Modulator?

A

molecule that binds to protein with both ionic and H bonds. (ex: Ca+)

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25
Q

What is a Covalent Modulator?

A

Attaches to proteins through covalent bonds (Ex: Phosphorylation)

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26
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  1. storage - serves as a reservoir
  2. structural - elasticity
  3. transport - Ex; hemoglobin
  4. motile (actin & myosin)
  5. protective - Ex: antibody
  6. regulatory (protect their binding DNA sequences EX: HORMONES)
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27
Q

Enzymes are _______ that act as _________ in biochemical reactions

A

proteins, catalyzers

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28
Q

Why are cells small?

A
  1. so they can acquire food and excrete waste
  2. allows for materials to pass through plasma membrane
  3. maintain ratio of surface to volume
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29
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

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30
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

protists, animals, plants, fungi

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31
Q

Cytosol is considered the ________ ______ in biology. Cytosols main function is to start ___________ ____________

A

cellular soup, metabolic reactions

32
Q

A eukaryotic cell consists of

A

a nucleus, cytosol, membrane bound organelles

33
Q

Purpose of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell?

A
  1. stores genetic information
  2. controls ongoing activity by determining which proteins are produced
34
Q

Prokaryotic cells have

A

NO NUCLEUS, they have circular DNA, ribosomes, flagella (to help move), and DO NOT HAVE MITOCHONDRIA

35
Q

Eukaryotic cells have

A
  1. a nucleus
  2. true cells
  3. Linear DNA
  4. ribosomes
  5. Golgi complex
  6. cellulose - carb
  7. plastids (energy and pigment)
  8. endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Cell wall made out of cellulose
36
Q

chromoplasts are ________ they are orange due to ___________. therefore they lack ____________.

A

plastids, carotenoids, chlorophyll

37
Q

Leucoplasts are ______ ________

A

NON PIGMENTED PLASTIDS

38
Q

important type of leucoplast is a _________

A

amyloplast

39
Q

Importance of Amyloplast

A

Synthesize and store STARCH

40
Q

What do elaioplats store?

A

LIPIDS/FATS (example: avocado fruit)

41
Q

Both mitochondria and plastids are enclosed by ___ _________. Are able to _________ their own _________. Have ________ shapes DNA & multiply by _______ ________.

A

2 membranes, synthesize, proteins, circular, binary fission

42
Q

Plastids are unique to ________ ________.

A

plant cells !!!!

43
Q

Primary function of plastids

A

energy & pigment in plants

44
Q

Examples of plastids

A

chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplast

45
Q

BOTH chloroplasts and chromoplasts are NOT _____________ IN WATER

A

soluble

46
Q

However, chromoplasts are solute in _________.

A

fats

47
Q

Chloroplast membrane is made out of ____________.

A

Phospholipids

48
Q

What Is the space IN BETWEEN thylakoid foldings?

A

Lumen

49
Q

Space BETWEEN thylakoid is the

A

Stroma

50
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?

A

chloroplast

51
Q

The following substances are chains of amino acid unite

A

proteins

52
Q

A phospholipid differs from a fat in that a phospholipid contains

A

1 glycerol, a phosphate group, and 2 fatty acid tails

53
Q

Millers experiment showed

A

H2,CH4, NH3, water, heat, and electricity were sufficienct to to produce amino acids

54
Q

An adult that is lactose intolerant lacks

A

lactase enzyme

55
Q

An example of a polar substance is

A

water

56
Q

Rank the bonds from weakest to strongest

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. ionic
  3. covalent
57
Q

which association between r groups of amino acids are the strongest

A

disulfide bridges

58
Q

a bilayer membrane refers to

A

phospholipids

59
Q

which of the following is a common example of a covalent modulation of a protein

A

addition of a phosphate group

60
Q

Which of the following would NOT be found in prokaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

61
Q

a triglyceride has

A

1 glycol and 3 fatty acids

62
Q

two functional groups of every amino acid

A

an amino group and carboxyl group

63
Q

why type of bond is directly involved in the formation of the alpha helix

A

hydrogen bonds

64
Q

the component of an amino acid that determines the polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic/hydrophilic

A

r group

65
Q

Which of the following substances is LEAST likely to diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

An ion

66
Q

If an animal cell is placed in an aqueous solution that is hypotonic to the cell, the cell

A

swells and perhaps bursts

67
Q

Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria in that (select all that apply):

A
  1. binary fission
  2. have circular DNA
  3. enclosed by 2 membranes
68
Q

The closest living relative to chloroplasts are

A

cyanobacteria

69
Q

Which of structures are found in plant cells and animal cells?

A

mitochondria

70
Q

Which of the following processes in plant cell membranes requires ATP?

A

active transport

71
Q

facilitilated diffusion

A

uses a carrier protein to travel across membrane

72
Q

active transport requires …..

A

ATP, moves solutes from low to high concentration

73
Q

along the gradient means concentration moves from _____ to ______

A

high to low

74
Q

hypertonic

A

cell will shrivel up

75
Q

hypotonic

A

cell will expand maybe even burst

76
Q

euglena

A

pumps water with a contractile vacuole. Prevents the cell from bursting

Biology 201 (1 decks)

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