Exam #1 Flashcards
What are the four main characteristics of life?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is the polymer of proteins?
chain of amino acids
What is the polymer of nucleic acid?
nucleotides
A phospholipid consists of?
1 phosphate, 1 glycerol and 2 fatty acid tails
What does it mean if something is hydrophobic?
does not interact well with water
What does it mean if something is hydrophilic?
likes to interact with water, includes at least one of the atoms in NOPS
What is an enzyme?
large molecules usually proteins.
What is the function of an enzyme in a cell?
Speeds up the reaction, however is NOT consumed during the process
What is an unsaturated fat?
contains carbon atoms joined by double bonds. usually liquid. (ex: olive oil)
What is a saturated fat?
DOES NOT contain carbon joined by double bonds. Usually solid at room temp. (ex:butter)
Which is harder to break apart in the body, a saturated fat or an unsaturated fat?
A saturated fat
Proteins are…
Hydrophilic, made up of amino acids, contain carbon, sequence is determined by DNA
Amino acids have _______ that make them unique?
an amino group and a carboxyl group
Proteins can take up to 4 shapes, what are those shapes respectively.
primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure
Primary structure of a protein
linear chain of amino acids, dictated by DNA. the order of the amino acid will effect the shape
Secondary structure of a protein
the peptide chain folds due to…
HYDROGEN BONDING
What shapes are seen in the secondary structure of a protein
- Alpha helix ( cork screw, more elastic)
- Beta pleated sheets (stronger than a - helix)
Tertiary structure of a proteins folds due to interactions between
R groups
Enzymes need what in order to function?
A 3-dimensional shape
Quaternary structure of a protein is when
there is an interaction between 2 or more polypeptides
Proteins are responsible for ________ in a cell.
function
The shape of a protein depends on…….
- sequence of amino acids
- H-H bonds and sulfur bonds
- Interactions between R groups
- Interactions with 2 or more polypeptides
what is rubisco?
Rubisco is an enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation in photosynthesis
What is an Allosteric Modulator?
molecule that binds to protein with both ionic and H bonds. (ex: Ca+)
What is a Covalent Modulator?
Attaches to proteins through covalent bonds (Ex: Phosphorylation)
Functions of proteins
- storage - serves as a reservoir
- structural - elasticity
- transport - Ex; hemoglobin
- motile (actin & myosin)
- protective - Ex: antibody
- regulatory (protect their binding DNA sequences EX: HORMONES)
Enzymes are _______ that act as _________ in biochemical reactions
proteins, catalyzers
Why are cells small?
- so they can acquire food and excrete waste
- allows for materials to pass through plasma membrane
- maintain ratio of surface to volume
What is a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria
What is a eukaryotic cell?
protists, animals, plants, fungi
Cytosol is considered the ________ ______ in biology. Cytosols main function is to start ___________ ____________
cellular soup, metabolic reactions
A eukaryotic cell consists of
a nucleus, cytosol, membrane bound organelles
Purpose of the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell?
- stores genetic information
- controls ongoing activity by determining which proteins are produced
Prokaryotic cells have
NO NUCLEUS, they have circular DNA, ribosomes, flagella (to help move), and DO NOT HAVE MITOCHONDRIA
Eukaryotic cells have
- a nucleus
- true cells
- Linear DNA
- ribosomes
- Golgi complex
- cellulose - carb
- plastids (energy and pigment)
- endoplasmic reticulum
- Cell wall made out of cellulose
chromoplasts are ________ they are orange due to ___________. therefore they lack ____________.
plastids, carotenoids, chlorophyll
Leucoplasts are ______ ________
NON PIGMENTED PLASTIDS
important type of leucoplast is a _________
amyloplast
Importance of Amyloplast
Synthesize and store STARCH
What do elaioplats store?
LIPIDS/FATS (example: avocado fruit)
Both mitochondria and plastids are enclosed by ___ _________. Are able to _________ their own _________. Have ________ shapes DNA & multiply by _______ ________.
2 membranes, synthesize, proteins, circular, binary fission
Plastids are unique to ________ ________.
plant cells !!!!
Primary function of plastids
energy & pigment in plants
Examples of plastids
chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplast
BOTH chloroplasts and chromoplasts are NOT _____________ IN WATER
soluble
However, chromoplasts are solute in _________.
fats
Chloroplast membrane is made out of ____________.
Phospholipids
What Is the space IN BETWEEN thylakoid foldings?
Lumen
Space BETWEEN thylakoid is the
Stroma
Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?
chloroplast
The following substances are chains of amino acid unite
proteins
A phospholipid differs from a fat in that a phospholipid contains
1 glycerol, a phosphate group, and 2 fatty acid tails
Millers experiment showed
H2,CH4, NH3, water, heat, and electricity were sufficienct to to produce amino acids
An adult that is lactose intolerant lacks
lactase enzyme
An example of a polar substance is
water
Rank the bonds from weakest to strongest
- hydrogen
- ionic
- covalent
which association between r groups of amino acids are the strongest
disulfide bridges
a bilayer membrane refers to
phospholipids
which of the following is a common example of a covalent modulation of a protein
addition of a phosphate group
Which of the following would NOT be found in prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria
a triglyceride has
1 glycol and 3 fatty acids
two functional groups of every amino acid
an amino group and carboxyl group
why type of bond is directly involved in the formation of the alpha helix
hydrogen bonds
the component of an amino acid that determines the polar/nonpolar and hydrophobic/hydrophilic
r group
Which of the following substances is LEAST likely to diffuse across the plasma membrane?
An ion
If an animal cell is placed in an aqueous solution that is hypotonic to the cell, the cell
swells and perhaps bursts
Chloroplasts are similar to mitochondria in that (select all that apply):
- binary fission
- have circular DNA
- enclosed by 2 membranes
The closest living relative to chloroplasts are
cyanobacteria
Which of structures are found in plant cells and animal cells?
mitochondria
Which of the following processes in plant cell membranes requires ATP?
active transport
facilitilated diffusion
uses a carrier protein to travel across membrane
active transport requires …..
ATP, moves solutes from low to high concentration
along the gradient means concentration moves from _____ to ______
high to low
hypertonic
cell will shrivel up
hypotonic
cell will expand maybe even burst
euglena
pumps water with a contractile vacuole. Prevents the cell from bursting
