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Psych 2074 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Maximalist approach

A

tendency to emphasize differences between members of different sex groups and view them as qualitatively different

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2
Q

Minimalist approach

A

emphasize similarities between members of different sex groups

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3
Q

Gender diagnosticity (GD) Score

A

estimated probability that an individual is male or female given the individuals gender related interests

(eg. GD score of .85 means the individual has an 85% chance of being male and a 15% chance of being female)

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4
Q

Experiment

A

the researcher manipulates independent variables to see if it causes changes in dependent variables

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5
Q

Quasi-experiment

A

similar to an experiment, but researcher lacks control over one or more manipulations
- test for interaction effects

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6
Q

Person-by-treatment design

A

a quasi-experimental design, a researcher selects people who differ on some participant variable then randomly assigns them to different conditions of an independent variable

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7
Q

Ex post facto designs

A

researchers compare groups of people to see if they differ on a dependent variable of interest.

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8
Q

Meta-analysis

A

qualitative technique for analyzing the results across a set of individual studies

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9
Q

Biological determinism

A

biological differences reflect the natural order of things and we should not meddle with it (women should not try to read maps or learn to read maps)

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10
Q

Gender essentialism

A

men and women are innately different
(it’s not in men’s nature to remember conversations with people)

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11
Q

Intersex

A

individuals where the biological components of sex do not consistently fit either the typical male pattern of the typical female pattern.
About 1-2% cases, babies are born intersex.
Also known as differences of sex development (DSDs)

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12
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of the biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed

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13
Q

Optimal sex

A

the binary sex perceived to be the most advantageous to assign a newborn whose genitals appear atypical at birth

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14
Q

Gender confirmation procedures

A

procedures transgender individuals seek to bring physical bodies into alignment with psychological identities

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15
Q

Neurosexism

A

when neuroscience research is interpreted in ways that reinforce gender stereotypes without evidence

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16
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

explains human thought and behaviour in terms of genetically heritable adaptations that evolved because they helped ancestral humans survive and reproduce

17
Q

Biosocial constructionist theory

A

explaining how biological differences between women and men lead to sex-based labour divisions in society

18
Q

Natural selection

A

evolutionary process by which heritable features that increase the likelihood of an organisms survival get passed down through genes

19
Q

Sexual selection

A

evolutionary process by which heritable features that increase the likelihood of successful mating get passed down through genes

20
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

the process where heritable features get passed down because they give an animal a competitive advantage in contests against same sex animals for access to mates

21
Q

Intersexual selection

A

the process by which heritable features get passed down because they give an animal an advantage by increasing its attractiveness to other-sex mates

22
Q

Social learning theories

A

children learn gendered beliefs, behaviour, and preferences by observing and imitating models and by receiving reinforcement and punishment

23
Q

Cognitive theories

A

theories proposing that children learn gender by progressing through a series of cognitive stages

24
Q

Epigenetic marks

A

structures that activate or deactivate genes, influenced by environment

25
Q

Gonads

A

sex organs that produce sex cells and hormones
Resulting Phenotypic female or phenotypic male

26
Q

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)

A
  • Body does not respond to influence of androgens (due to receptor on X chromosome)
  • Most disruptive for genetic males — born with testes and external female genitalia (never masculinized)
  • Female-appearing so usually raised female and identify as female
  • Infertile; cannot menstruate
  • Surgery to remove gonadal tissue that is often under developed
27
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Adrenal gland malfunctions – high prenatal exposure to male hormones
- CAH girls (XX) – have ovaries and masculinized genitals
Feminization surgery in infancy
More male-typical gender identity than non-CAH girls
- CAH boys (XY) – enlarged genitalia, early puberty
Higher risk for testicular cancer, require early screenings

28
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A

Gender schemas (mental networks of information about gender) guide how people interpret, process, and remember new gender relevant information

29
Q

Communion

A

dimension reflecting traits such as warmth, connectedness, and kindness - women are stereotyped as high on communion

30
Q

Agency

A

dimension reflecting traits such as competence, assertiveness, and competitiveness - men are usually stereotyped as higher on agency

31
Q

Stereotype content model

A

theory that stereotypes about social groups fall along communion and agency dimensions

32
Q

Protype

A

the most typical representation of a category (eg. stereotypes of men and women evoke images of white men and white women. Stereotypes about black people evoke images of black men)

33
Q

Gender prescriptions

A

traits people believe women and men should have “Women should be good with children”

34
Q

Gender proscriptions

A

trait people believe women and men should not have “Women should not be aggressive”

35
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Anxiety individuals feel when concerned that their behaviour or performance might confirm a negative group stereotype

36
Q

sexual selection

A

process by which heritable features that increase likelihood of successful mating get passed down through genes

37
Q

parental investment theory

A

the member of the species who invests more in parenting (usually females) will generally be more selective when choosing mates because they have more to lose from bad choices

38
Q

Social role theory

A

gender stereotypes stem from people’s observations of women and men performing particular social and occupational roles
- Key is division of labor in societies across cultures and times

Psych 2074 (1 decks)

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