exam 1 Flashcards
PET scan
detects brain activity using radioactive glucose injected into bloodstream and gamma rays
CAT scan
detects brain structure using injected dye and x-rays. helps detects tumors/abnormalities. faster than MRI
MRI scan
detects brain structure by equalizing hydrogen atoms and removing magnetic field, measuring the released energy. helps detect swelling/tumors
fMRI scan
detects brain activity by recording hemoglobin with and without oxygen & removing a magnetic field. requires 2 tasks. cheaper/less risky than PET
optogenetics
uses lights, turns neurons on/off. best spatial/temporal resolution
pharmacological manipulation
inserts antagonists or agonists to receptors of interest (chemical stimulation)
gene knockouts
directs a mutation to a gene that regulates one type of cell/transmitter/receptor
immunocytochemistry
see activated cells with novel stimuli, involves staining cells and looking at proteins
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
location of nucleus/nuclei
CNS
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside of brain and spinal cord; motor and sensory
location of ganglion/ganglia
PNS
somatic nervous system
(motor PNS) voluntary muscle control
autonomic nervous system
(motor PNS) involuntary muscle control
sympathetic nervous system
(ANS) fight or flight; expends energy
parasympathetic nervous system
(ANS) rest and digest; conserves energy
spinal cord regions in order
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
white matter
axons
gray matter
dendrites/soma/cell bodies
ventral roots of spinal cord
motor control; efferent from brain
dorsal roots of spinal cord
sensory control; afferent to spinal cord
prosencephalon
forebrain; cerebral cortex; diencephalon, telencephalon
cerebral cortex
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobes (gray matter)
conscious thought
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
movement, working memory, cognitive control, emotional reactions, judgment
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex; touch, pain, vibrations, pressure, temperature
4 cell layers for touch
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex (the visual experience)
temporal lobes
primary auditory cortex
movement perception, facial recognition, emotional/motivational behaviors
Damage = Receptive Aphasia (hallucinations)
limbic system
olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
diencephalon
in prosencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
thalamus
in diencephalon
processes all sensory info minus olfactory
sends info to cortex
hypothalamus
ventral to thalamus
convey messages to pituitary gland
motivational behaviors
reproductive behaviors
telencephalon
in prosencephalon
basal ganglia
basal forebrain/nucleus basalis
amygdala
hippocampus
basal ganglia
in telencephalon
learned skills/habits/movement
damage = Parkinson’s and Huntington’s
basal forebrain/nucleus basalis
in telencephalon
arousal/wakefulness/attention
releases acetylcholine
input from hypothalamus & basal ganglia
Damage = Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s
amygdala
emotion, fear/anger
relay for olfactory info
hippocampus
in telencephalon
spatial/event (explicit) memory
Damage = Amnesia
mesencephalon
midbrain; brain stem; tectum, colliculus, tegmentum, substantial nigra
brain stem
mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
EXCLUDES cerebellum
tectum
in mesencephalon
roof
colliculus
in mesencephalon
superior=vision
inferior=sensory processing (mainly auditory?)
tegmentum
in mesencephalon
floor, reticular formation(?)
substantia nigra
in mesencephalon
dopamine neurons
neuromelanin
rhombencephalon
hindbrain; brain stem; pons, medulla, cerebellum
pons
in rhombencephalon
bridge: brain and spinal cord
reticular formation
cranial nerve reflexes
medulla
in rhombencephalon
extended spinal cord
cerebellum
in rhombencephalon
NOT BRAIN STEM
muscle memory/balance (implicit memory)
Damage = impaired balance
ventricles
there are 4
provide buoyancy and protection
4th has cerebral spinal fluid
major gyri
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
cingulate gyrus
superior temporal gyrus
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
cingulate gyrus
above corpus collosum
emotion/behavior regulation
superior temporal gyrus
auditory association cortex
also: site of multi sensory integration
neuron function
receive/transmit info
electro/neurochemical signals
varied shapes/sizes
motor & sensory
motor neurons
soma in spinal cord
efferent from nervous system
sensory neurons
specialized for certain stimuli
afferent to nervous system
efferent from sensory organ
glia cells
short distance info
more numerous in cortex
smaller than neurons
dendrites
extend toward periphery
dendritic spines
apical
basal
dendritic spines
increase surface area for synapses
low density = Schizophrenia
apical dendrites
receive farther info
basal dendrites
receives more local info
axon
constant diameter
axon hillock
presynaptic terminals
myelin sheath
myelin sheath
insulated covering
nodes of ranvier (ran vee ay) inbtwn
efferent
brings info AWAY from structure
(E for Exit)
afferent
brings info TO structure
multipolar neurons
most neurons are this
have 2+ processes from soma
bipolar neurons
2 processes extending from cell body
unipolar neurons
1 process extending from cell body
interneuron
dendrites & axon entirely contained in single structure
info is conveyed only to immediate adjacent neurons
astrocyte
type of glial cell
star shape
synchronizes neuron activity (rhythms)
radial glia
type of glial cell
developmental astrocyte
microglia cells
type of glial cell
part of immune system
removes waste/virus/fungi/etc
ependymal cells
type of glial cell
choroid plexus (network of blood vessels in brain ventricles)
oligodendrocyte
type of glial cell
produces myelin in CNS
(Cyte for Central)
Schwann cells
type of glial cell
produces myelin in PNS
electrical gradient
-70mV in and out of cell
concentration gradient
sodium-potassium pump
exists along axon
3 Na+ in, 2 K+ out
sodium-potassium pump
3 Na+ in
2 K+ out
resting potential
Na+ channels closed, more sodium in extracellular space
K+ channels open, more potassium in intracellular
all-or-none law
MUST reach threshold of excitation
under threshold = no action potential
all action potentials = same strength
action potential steps
- stimulus opens Na-K channels
- influx of Na+ = depolarization
- peak of AP = Na+ channels close
- K+ stay open = hyperpolarization
- all gates close -> resting
thoracic & lumbar (SC)
sympathetic
(middle of body = important organs = fight or flight)
cranial nerves & sacral (SC)
parasympathetic
(sacral = guts = digestion = rest & digestion)
refractory periods
absolute: no AP, all Na+ closed
relative: strong stimuli can make AP, lasts thru hyperpolarization
propagation of AP
the giving birth of new AP at each node along axon
saltatory conduction
the triggering of AP from one node to next
conductance velocity
thicker myelin sheath means faster AP
multiple sclerosis
destroyed neurons, no myelin
muscle weakness/spasms, pain, cognitive impairments
Korsakof’s syndrome
associated with alcoholism
memory disorder
schizophrenia
lower dendritic spine density
reflex arc
uses synaptic transmission
slower than conduction along axon
one set of muscles excited & others relaxed
need multiple stimuli near e/o for strong reflex
temporal summation
quick sequence of stimuli needed to excite neuron
(often works with spatial)
spatial summation
stimulate multiple areas around each all stimulations convey on a single neuron
(often works with temporal)
EPSP
graded depolarization
IPSP
temporary hyperpolarization
K+ gates open to let out K+ or let in Cl-
acetylcholine
made from metabolism
acetyl Coenzyme A
choline
acetylcholine
epinephrine
made from diet
phenylalanine
tyrosine
dopa
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
serotonin
made from diet
tryptophan
5-hydroxytryptophan
serotonin
agonist
creates a certain action
NEUROTRANSMITTERS (endogenous)
antagonist
blocks a certain action
DRUGS (exogenous)
endogenous ligands
naturally occurring
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
exogenous ligands
resembles endogenous ligands
not naturally occurring
DRUGS/TOXINS
presynaptic events
transmitter production
transmitter release
transmitter clearance
postsynaptic events
transmitter receptor
cellular processes
gene expression
