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Biopsychology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PET scan

A

detects brain activity using radioactive glucose injected into bloodstream and gamma rays

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2
Q

CAT scan

A

detects brain structure using injected dye and x-rays. helps detects tumors/abnormalities. faster than MRI

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3
Q

MRI scan

A

detects brain structure by equalizing hydrogen atoms and removing magnetic field, measuring the released energy. helps detect swelling/tumors

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4
Q

fMRI scan

A

detects brain activity by recording hemoglobin with and without oxygen & removing a magnetic field. requires 2 tasks. cheaper/less risky than PET

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5
Q

optogenetics

A

uses lights, turns neurons on/off. best spatial/temporal resolution

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6
Q

pharmacological manipulation

A

inserts antagonists or agonists to receptors of interest (chemical stimulation)

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7
Q

gene knockouts

A

directs a mutation to a gene that regulates one type of cell/transmitter/receptor

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8
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

see activated cells with novel stimuli, involves staining cells and looking at proteins

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9
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

location of nucleus/nuclei

A

CNS

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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside of brain and spinal cord; motor and sensory

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12
Q

location of ganglion/ganglia

A

PNS

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13
Q

somatic nervous system

A

(motor PNS) voluntary muscle control

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14
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

(motor PNS) involuntary muscle control

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15
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

(ANS) fight or flight; expends energy

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16
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

(ANS) rest and digest; conserves energy

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17
Q

spinal cord regions in order

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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18
Q

white matter

A

axons

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19
Q

gray matter

A

dendrites/soma/cell bodies

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20
Q

ventral roots of spinal cord

A

motor control; efferent from brain

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21
Q

dorsal roots of spinal cord

A

sensory control; afferent to spinal cord

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22
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain; cerebral cortex; diencephalon, telencephalon

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23
Q

cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobes (gray matter)
conscious thought

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24
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
movement, working memory, cognitive control, emotional reactions, judgment

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25
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex; touch, pain, vibrations, pressure, temperature
4 cell layers for touch

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26
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual cortex (the visual experience)

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27
Q

temporal lobes

A

primary auditory cortex
movement perception, facial recognition, emotional/motivational behaviors
Damage = Receptive Aphasia (hallucinations)

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28
Q

limbic system

A

olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

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29
Q

diencephalon

A

in prosencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus

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30
Q

thalamus

A

in diencephalon
processes all sensory info minus olfactory
sends info to cortex

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31
Q

hypothalamus

A

ventral to thalamus
convey messages to pituitary gland
motivational behaviors
reproductive behaviors

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32
Q

telencephalon

A

in prosencephalon
basal ganglia
basal forebrain/nucleus basalis
amygdala
hippocampus

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33
Q

basal ganglia

A

in telencephalon
learned skills/habits/movement
damage = Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

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34
Q

basal forebrain/nucleus basalis

A

in telencephalon
arousal/wakefulness/attention
releases acetylcholine
input from hypothalamus & basal ganglia
Damage = Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

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35
Q

amygdala

A

emotion, fear/anger
relay for olfactory info

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36
Q

hippocampus

A

in telencephalon
spatial/event (explicit) memory
Damage = Amnesia

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37
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain; brain stem; tectum, colliculus, tegmentum, substantial nigra

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38
Q

brain stem

A

mesencephalon and rhombencephalon
EXCLUDES cerebellum

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39
Q

tectum

A

in mesencephalon
roof

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40
Q

colliculus

A

in mesencephalon
superior=vision
inferior=sensory processing (mainly auditory?)

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41
Q

tegmentum

A

in mesencephalon
floor, reticular formation(?)

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42
Q

substantia nigra

A

in mesencephalon
dopamine neurons
neuromelanin

43
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain; brain stem; pons, medulla, cerebellum

44
Q

pons

A

in rhombencephalon
bridge: brain and spinal cord
reticular formation
cranial nerve reflexes

45
Q

medulla

A

in rhombencephalon
extended spinal cord

46
Q

cerebellum

A

in rhombencephalon
NOT BRAIN STEM
muscle memory/balance (implicit memory)
Damage = impaired balance

47
Q

ventricles

A

there are 4
provide buoyancy and protection
4th has cerebral spinal fluid

48
Q

major gyri

A

precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
cingulate gyrus
superior temporal gyrus

49
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

50
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

51
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

above corpus collosum
emotion/behavior regulation

52
Q

superior temporal gyrus

A

auditory association cortex
also: site of multi sensory integration

53
Q

neuron function

A

receive/transmit info
electro/neurochemical signals
varied shapes/sizes
motor & sensory

54
Q

motor neurons

A

soma in spinal cord
efferent from nervous system

55
Q

sensory neurons

A

specialized for certain stimuli
afferent to nervous system
efferent from sensory organ

56
Q

glia cells

A

short distance info
more numerous in cortex
smaller than neurons

57
Q

dendrites

A

extend toward periphery
dendritic spines
apical
basal

58
Q

dendritic spines

A

increase surface area for synapses
low density = Schizophrenia

59
Q

apical dendrites

A

receive farther info

60
Q

basal dendrites

A

receives more local info

61
Q

axon

A

constant diameter
axon hillock
presynaptic terminals
myelin sheath

62
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulated covering
nodes of ranvier (ran vee ay) inbtwn

63
Q

efferent

A

brings info AWAY from structure
(E for Exit)

64
Q

afferent

A

brings info TO structure

65
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most neurons are this
have 2+ processes from soma

66
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 processes extending from cell body

67
Q

unipolar neurons

A

1 process extending from cell body

68
Q

interneuron

A

dendrites & axon entirely contained in single structure
info is conveyed only to immediate adjacent neurons

69
Q

astrocyte

A

type of glial cell
star shape
synchronizes neuron activity (rhythms)

70
Q

radial glia

A

type of glial cell
developmental astrocyte

71
Q

microglia cells

A

type of glial cell
part of immune system
removes waste/virus/fungi/etc

72
Q

ependymal cells

A

type of glial cell
choroid plexus (network of blood vessels in brain ventricles)

73
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

type of glial cell
produces myelin in CNS
(Cyte for Central)

74
Q

Schwann cells

A

type of glial cell
produces myelin in PNS

75
Q

electrical gradient

A

-70mV in and out of cell

76
Q

concentration gradient

A

sodium-potassium pump
exists along axon
3 Na+ in, 2 K+ out

77
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

3 Na+ in
2 K+ out

78
Q

resting potential

A

Na+ channels closed, more sodium in extracellular space

K+ channels open, more potassium in intracellular

79
Q

all-or-none law

A

MUST reach threshold of excitation
under threshold = no action potential
all action potentials = same strength

80
Q

action potential steps

A
  1. stimulus opens Na-K channels
  2. influx of Na+ = depolarization
  3. peak of AP = Na+ channels close
  4. K+ stay open = hyperpolarization
  5. all gates close -> resting
81
Q

thoracic & lumbar (SC)

A

sympathetic
(middle of body = important organs = fight or flight)

82
Q

cranial nerves & sacral (SC)

A

parasympathetic
(sacral = guts = digestion = rest & digestion)

83
Q

refractory periods

A

absolute: no AP, all Na+ closed
relative: strong stimuli can make AP, lasts thru hyperpolarization

84
Q

propagation of AP

A

the giving birth of new AP at each node along axon

85
Q

saltatory conduction

A

the triggering of AP from one node to next

86
Q

conductance velocity

A

thicker myelin sheath means faster AP

87
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

destroyed neurons, no myelin
muscle weakness/spasms, pain, cognitive impairments

88
Q

Korsakof’s syndrome

A

associated with alcoholism
memory disorder

89
Q

schizophrenia

A

lower dendritic spine density

90
Q

reflex arc

A

uses synaptic transmission
slower than conduction along axon
one set of muscles excited & others relaxed
need multiple stimuli near e/o for strong reflex

91
Q

temporal summation

A

quick sequence of stimuli needed to excite neuron
(often works with spatial)

92
Q

spatial summation

A

stimulate multiple areas around each all stimulations convey on a single neuron
(often works with temporal)

93
Q

EPSP

A

graded depolarization

94
Q

IPSP

A

temporary hyperpolarization
K+ gates open to let out K+ or let in Cl-

95
Q

acetylcholine

A

made from metabolism
acetyl Coenzyme A
choline
acetylcholine

96
Q

epinephrine

A

made from diet
phenylalanine
tyrosine
dopa
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

97
Q

serotonin

A

made from diet
tryptophan
5-hydroxytryptophan
serotonin

98
Q

agonist

A

creates a certain action
NEUROTRANSMITTERS (endogenous)

99
Q

antagonist

A

blocks a certain action
DRUGS (exogenous)

100
Q

endogenous ligands

A

naturally occurring
NEUROTRANSMITTERS

101
Q

exogenous ligands

A

resembles endogenous ligands
not naturally occurring
DRUGS/TOXINS

102
Q

presynaptic events

A

transmitter production
transmitter release
transmitter clearance

103
Q

postsynaptic events

A

transmitter receptor
cellular processes
gene expression

Biopsychology (3 decks)

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