Exam 1

Question 1

action theory

Answer 1

the branch of normative ethics pertaining to the principles of morally right behavior

Question 2

antinomianism

Answer 2

the position that ethical action is determined as independent of laws or rules

Question 3

care theory

Answer 3

a type of normative theory that focuses on how care does and should shape relationship and institutional arrangements

Question 4

causitry

Answer 4

the approach to ethics that addresses case problems by applying paradigm or settled cases in order to identify morally relevant similar and dissimilar features

Question 5

contract theory

Answer 5

a type of metaethics that maintains that the source of moral rightness or the way of knowing what are moral stems from actual or hypothetical social agreement

Question 6

extrinsic value

Answer 6

something valued for its ability to produce something else that is extrinsically valued. ex: money and power

Question 7

feminist theory

Answer 7

a type of normative theory that critiques traditional moral reasoning for its masculine lens and instead emohasizes concepts, ways of knowing, and moral issues from the perspective of women and other historically marginalized groups; it can guide other normative approaches, such as principle-based and virtue-based approaches

Question 8

intrinsic value

Answer 8

something valued for its own sake, not merely as a means to some end. ex: truth, beauty, happiness, health etc

Question 9

legalism

Answer 9

the position that ethical action consists of strict conformity to law or rules

Question 10

metaethics

Answer 10

the branch of ethics having to do with the meaning and justification of ethical terms and norms

Question 11

moral pirnciples

Answer 11

general and abstract characteristics of morally right action. the main element of the part of normative ethics called action theory

Question 12

moral rules

Answer 12

concrete statements specifying patterns of morally right conduct, sometimes believed to be derived from more abstract moral principles or created as summaries of patterns of individual case judgements

Question 13

narrative theory

Answer 13

a type of normative theory that methodologically focuses on receiving, telling, and reconstructing stories, such as those of patients or caregivers; narrative theory is meant to reveal fine-grained and tectured detailes of unfolding stories and may emphasize the cultivation of virtue within narratives

Question 14

norm

Answer 14

a set of rules that governs actions or activities by indication what is and is not acceptable

Question 15

normative ethics

Answer 15

the branch of ethics having to do with the standards of right or wrong

Question 16

relativism

Answer 16

in metaethics, the position that there are multiple sources or groundings of moral judgments such as the approval of various cultures to which any correct moral judgement must conform

Question 17

rights

Answer 17

justified moral or legal claims to entitlements or liberties are often seen as taking precedence over considerations of consequences. Rights normally stand in a reciprocal relation with moral or legal rules; that is, if someone has a rights claim against some other party, that other party is duty-bound by a rule requiring that the right be respected

Question 18

rules of practice

Answer 18

the position that rules govern practices such that actions are normally judged by rules

Question 19

situationism

Answer 19

the position that ethical action must be judged in each situation guided by, but not directly determined by, rules

Question 20

universalism

Answer 20

the position in metaethics that there is a single source or grounding of moral judgments such as the divine will or reason to which any correct moral judgment must conform

Question 21

value theory

Answer 21

the portion of normative ethics having to do with the identifying what things are considered to be good in what sense they are good, and how good they are

Question 22

virtue theory

Answer 22

the portion of normative ethics having to do with the virtues; that is, persistent dispositions or traits of good characters in persons`

Question 23

Hippocratic Oath

Answer 23

the code of physician ethics attributed to the greek physician, but more likely written by his followers in the fourth century BCE

Question 24

Hippocratic Principle

Answer 24

the core principle of the hippocratic oath, holding that the physician pledges to benefit his patient according to his ability and judgement and protect the patient from harm

Question 25

liberal political policy

Answer 25

the dominant commitment of secular society in the US that has its origins in the philosophy of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau and reaches its most well-known political expression the in the documents of the Founding Fathers’ political system. It stresses the place of the individual and commands respect for the liberty of the individual. it also incorporates a belief in the equality of moral worth of all persons, providing a basis for various concerns about social justice

Question 26

paternalism

Answer 26

when an individual, group, or governing body tries to benefit another by either overriding or not soliciting the wishes of the beneficiary.

Question 27

Circulatory definition of death

Answer 27

the view that an individual dies when there is irreversible cessation of all cardiac and respiratory functions. If the functions are expanded to include other bodily integrating functions such as digestion, elimination, maintenance of homeostasis, and so on, then this sometimes is referred to as the somatic integrating definition of death

Question 28

Higher-brain oriented definition of death

Answer 28

the view that an individual dies when there is irreversible cessation of all “higher” functions of the brain, often believed to be function related to consciousness and feelings. The continued functionality of the brain stem is insufficient for life.

Question 29

moral standing

Answer 29

the status of humans and other beings who have moral claims on others or to whom others have duties

Question 30

person (moral defintion)

Answer 30

humans (and other beings) who possess full moral standing

Question 31

person (nonmoral definition)

Answer 31

humans (and other beings) who possess some critical physical or mental capacity such as self-consciousness, self-awareness, or rationality

Question 32

rights-based defense of the moral status of animals

Answer 32

sentient animals have a sacredness or right to life just as humans do. The argument is not driven by concern for consequences but instead focuses on animals’ capacities and interests

Question 33

speciesism

Answer 33

the view in the debate about the moral status of animals that holds that species itself is a morally relevant factor in deciding moral standing, usually standing than other nonhuman animals, even those capable of having similar quantity and quality experience

Question 34

stem cells

Answer 34

cells found in multicellular organisms that are unspecialized and are capable of renewing themselves. Under certain conditions they can become tissue or organ-specific-cells.

Question 35

utilitarian defense of the moral status of animals

Answer 35

animals of different species who experience the same kind and quantity of pleasure or pain have equal moral claim to have the pleasure promoted or to be relieved of that pain

Question 36

whole brain-oriented definition of death

Answer 36

the view that an individual dies when there is irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem