Exam 1 Flashcards
maturation
progress toward physical maturity
development continues after physical maturity is reached
Changes in function of organs
Constraints
characteristics individuals environment and task that encourages movement but discourages others
Individual Constraints (structural)
relative to individuals body structure
Ex: height, weight, leg length, muscle mass (long period of time)
Individual Constraints (functional)
relative to behavioral function
Ex: motivation, fear, experience, attentional focus (short period)
Motor Control
nervous system control of muscles that permits skills and coordination in movement (functional)
Atypical development
focus on delayed and different development in individuals with disabilities
development trajectory
course of behavior over age or time
arrested development
failure to develop beyond particular point of development
sequential/mixed longitudinal study
several age groups at one time or over shorter time
Maturational Perspective
development change as a function of maturational process through CNS that controls and dictates motor development
internal and innate
biological not environmental
Arnold Gesell (1930’s)
Part of the co twin study, where he used twin to test effects of environment and hereditary, such that one twin received special training and other did not
He believed the biological process (genetics and hereditary) are the main driver of human motor development and not the environment
Informational Processing Perspective
focuses on behavioral or environmental causes of development like Bandura and Skinner
such that our brain acts like a computer, taking in information processing it and outputting information as in a motor movement.
Perceptual-motor development
motor development result of some external environment : perception of stimuli
Dynamical System Approach
motor control and coordination
movement of behaviors emerge spontaneous, self organized, and of many cooperating body systems (flexible)
Rate limiting
system that develops last during growth period and limits development
Rate-controlling
system that declines first during aging and accelerates change
Affordance (Gibson)
properties of an object or of the environment that offer opportunities for action
Ex: looking at a horizontal flat surface… an area where you can sit down
Biomechanics
mechanics of muscle activity
mechanical methods used to study structure and function of biological systems
developmental biomechanics
study of effects of forces (biomechanics) not he musculoskeletal system during the entire life span
Newtons First Law of Motion
an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon by a force
inertia
resistance to motion related to mass
more mass= greater resistance to motion
momentum
product of mass and velocity
more mass, larger prolonged force to move an to stop
Personal limits
individual constraints through injury or disability such that range of motion or stabile-balance is off
Newtons Second Law of Motion
the acceleration of a person or object is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass
If you exert force on an object, it will accelerate in the direction of the force
force
product of mass and acceleration
Newtons Third Law of Motion
to every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
when you push something it pushes back on you
directional force
in what direction force is applied
equal and opposite force
linear velocity
product of rotational velocity and radius of rotation
increase rotational velocity =swing it faster
increase relative length = fully extend it at release or contact
Force absorption
to decrease the impact of a reaction force
1. increase amount f time in which impact occurs
2. increase area of contact over which the impact occurs
stability
ability to resist movement
increase= increase base of support, lower center of gravity, keep line of gravity within the base support
balance
ability to maintain equilibrium (hold a posture)
1. base of support
2. center of mass
3. line of gravity passes through center of mass
increase= increasing stability, improve strength, coordination, and proprioception
stability-mobility trade off
walking
Open kinetic Chain
parts of the body that act as a system of chains linked to transfer energy
connects adjacent joints and muscles through out your body
Normative Descriptive Period
focused on the products (scores or outcomes) than the process of development
Bio mechanical descriptive period
making bio mechanical descriptions of movement patterns in children used in performing fundamental skills like jumping
