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Psychology 1101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology is ____

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

One of the founders of modern psychology
“Atoms of the mind”

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3
Q

Structuralism

A

uses introspection to discover the structure of the mind

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4
Q

Edward Titchner

A

proponent of structuralism

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

investigates the function/purpose of behavior, thoughts, & feeling

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6
Q

William James

A

strong proponent of functionalism
“Father of American Psychology”

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7
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

student of William James
Harvard refused to grant her a PhD, despite having completed all requirements and outscoring her male colleagues
-studied memory
-First woman president of APA

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8
Q

Basic Research

A

builds knowledge base

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9
Q

Applied Research

A

Searches for solutions to immediate problems

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10
Q

Early psychologists defined psychology as

A

“the study of mental life”

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

studies behavior without reference to mental processes
B.F. Skinner & John B. Watson

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12
Q

Freudian Psychology

A

studies how unconscious influences behavior
Sigmund Freud

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13
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

emphasizes the need for love, acceptance, nurturing to achieve potential

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14
Q

Psychology uses ________ to examine assumptions and evaluate evidence

A

critical thinking and systematic methods

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15
Q

Psychology is based on three principles:

A

curiosity, skepticism, and humility

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16
Q

A study looking at how caffeine assumption impacts the brain

A

basic research

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17
Q

A study investigating what management strategies works best to motivate employees

A

applied research

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18
Q

A study investigating how attachment styles
among children of divorced parents compare to
those raised by married parents

A

basic research

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19
Q

Research into what treatment programs best
alleviate symptoms of anxiety

A

applied research

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20
Q

Theory

A

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable prediction, often implied by theory

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22
Q

Operational definition

A

a carefully constructed concept regarding the exact procedures used in a research study

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23
Q

Correlation

A

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

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24
Q

Independent variable

A

the factor that is manipulated, variable who’s effect is being studied

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25
Q

Dependent variable

A

the outcome that is measured, the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

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26
Q

Experimental group

A

exposed group

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27
Q

Control group

A

unexposed group

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28
Q

Confounding variable

A

something other than the independent variable that might be impacting the dependent variable
(controlled by random assignment)

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29
Q

Random assignment

A

participants are randomly assigned to experimental or control groups, every participant has an equal chance of being in either group

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30
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

when neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which group is receiving the treatment

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31
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectation alone

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32
Q

Scientific inquiry

A

helps sift reality from overestimated intuition and illusion

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33
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observing the world as is, “big data”

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34
Q

Case studies

A

suggests fruitful ideas for future research, no generalizations/universal truths

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35
Q

Surveys and Interviews

A

asking people to self-report behavior or opinions of a particular group

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36
Q

Analgesia

A

relief from pain

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37
Q

Neuron

A

specialized for sending information- receives, integrates, and transmits information

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38
Q

Soma

A

the cell body of the neuron

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39
Q

Dendrites

A

the branching fibers that receive signals from other cells

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40
Q

Nucleus

A

contains genetic material

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41
Q

Biological psychology

A

the scientific study of the links between
biological and psychological processes

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42
Q

Plasticity

A

the adaptability of a system

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43
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during
childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways
based on experience

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44
Q

______ and _____ shape our bodies and minds

A

nature and nurture

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45
Q

Axon

A

the long fiber material that passes the message from the cell body to neighboring cells

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46
Q

Myelin sheath

A

the fatty insulation that speeds the transmission of signals down to the axon
prevents interference in the axon

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47
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gap between the segments of the myelin sheath along the axon

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48
Q

_______ can result from a breakdown of the myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

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49
Q

Glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons

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50
Q

Action potential

A

a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron

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51
Q

Neurons use ____ to send messages from one place to another

A

action potential

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52
Q

What can trigger an action potential?

A

-A flash of light
-pressure
-temperature change
-the presence of a chemical

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53
Q

At rest, the inside of an axon has a voltage of about _____

A

-70 mV

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54
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

-70 mV

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55
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

for an action potential to occur, a stimulus must raise the voltage of the axon to a threshold of -55mV

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56
Q

Once you meet the threshold of excitation, the neuron ____ and ____ due to the flow of Na+ and K+ ions from the cell

A

depolarizes and reploarizes

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57
Q

Refractory period

A

the cell undershoots resting potential and has to recover

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58
Q

All or none principle

A

the way a neuron fires an action potential is either on or off; there are no bigger or smaller action potentials

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59
Q

Where does the difference of how we hear soft vs loud sounds or see dark vs dim light come from?

A

how many neurons send an action potential at one time, as well as how frequently the neurons fire

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60
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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61
Q

Lock-and-Key Mechanism

A

neurotransmitters bind to a post-synaptic cell

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62
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that cross a synapse, bind to a post-synaptic neuron and cause changes

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63
Q

Reuptake

A

the process by which a pre-synaptic neuron reabsorbs neurotransmitters from the synapse

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64
Q

Acetylcholine

A

makes muscles contract, also involved in learning and memory

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65
Q

Dopamine

A

movement, learning, attention, and emotion

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66
Q

Serotonin

A

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal

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67
Q

Endorphins

A

endogenous painkillers produced by the body

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68
Q

Morphine and other opiates have an analgesic effect because they

A

bind to the brain’s receptor for endorphins

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69
Q

Agonist

A

molecule that increases the action of a neurotransmitter

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70
Q

Antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter

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71
Q

The Nervous System

A

set of all neurons that communicate with neurotransmitters throughout the body

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72
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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73
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

neurons that connect to the CNS and the rest of the body

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74
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry messages from the body tissues inward to the CNS

75
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry messages from the CNS outward to the muscles and glands

76
Q

Nerves

A

bundle of axons that form neural cables to connect the CNS with muscles, glands, organs

77
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons that communicate internally and process info at sensory inputs and motor outputs; important in reflexes

78
Q

The peripheral Nervous System has two divisions:

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

79
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls body’s skeletal muscles

80
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls the glands and muscles of internal organs

81
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions

A

Sympathetic Nervous System & Parasympathetic Nervous System

82
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

arouses the body and mobilizes energy

83
Q

“Fight or Flight”

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

84
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

calms the body and conserves energy

85
Q

“Rest and Digest”

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

86
Q

Endocrine System

A

a chemical communication system in the body; slower than neurons

87
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by the glands of the endocrine system; travel through the bloodstream

88
Q

Adrenal gland

A

sits on top of the kidneys; releases epinephrine and norepinephine

89
Q

Pituitary gland

A

“master gland” in the brain; releases hormones associated with puberty, birth, lactation, bonding, orgasm

90
Q

Lesions

A

selective, intentional tissue destruction of the brain structures to reveal their functions

91
Q

Micro-electrodes

A

selectively stimulate single neurons in animals

92
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

recording of the waves of electrical activity through the brain

93
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

A

displays where the radioactive glucose flows into the brain when performing a particular task

94
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

a technique for revealing blood flow and,
therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure

95
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy

96
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain

97
Q

The hindbrain consists of ___.

A

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

98
Q

The hindbrain is responsible for ____.

A

essential survival functions, coordination, and balance

99
Q

The midbrain is responsible for ____.

A

controlling some motor movements, and transmitting auditory and visual information

100
Q

The midbrain sits on top of the ____.

A

brainstem

101
Q

The midbrain _____ the hindbrain and the forebrain.

A

connects

102
Q

The forebrain consists of the ____.

A

cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus

103
Q

The forebrain is responsible for ___.

A

complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities

104
Q

Brainstem

A

oldest part of the brain and begins where the spinal cord ends, responsible for autonomic survival functions

105
Q

Crossover point

A

a touch on your right arm will be processed by the left hemisphere of your brain

106
Q

Medulla

A

part of the brainstem that controls heart beat and breath

107
Q

Thalamus

A

central control center on top of the brain

108
Q

The thalamus receives input _____.

A

from sensory systems and routes these messages to the cortex

109
Q

The Reticular Formation

A

a neural network that extends from the spinal cord into the thalamus

110
Q

The reticular formation controls _____.

A

arousal

111
Q

Cerebellum

A

“little brain” sits at the rear of the brain

112
Q

The cerebellum controls and processes ____.

A

sensory input, movement coordination, and enables nonverbal memory

113
Q

Limbic System

A

group of disparate structures located just below the cerebral hemisphere

114
Q

Amygdala

A

two bean-sized neural clusters

115
Q

The amygdala is linked to ___.

A

aggression and fear

116
Q

Hypothalamus

A

located below the thalamus

117
Q

The hypothalamus directs and governs ___.

A

body maintenance activities and the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland

118
Q

The hypothalamus is part of the brain’s ____.

A

pleasure and reward system

119
Q

The hippocampus is responsible for ___.

A

the formation and consolidation of memories

120
Q

Damage to the hippocampus limits _____.

A

the ability to form new associations and memories

121
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

layer of neural tissues covering the cerebral hemispheres

122
Q

What are the specialized functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

perception, thought, and speech

123
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

124
Q

The frontal lobe is responsible for___.

A

planning, movement, logic, and judgement

125
Q

The motor cortex is located in the _____.

A

frontal lobe

126
Q

The motor cortex controls ___.

A

voluntary movements

127
Q

The prefrontal cortex enables ____.

A

planning, judgment, and processing new memories

128
Q

The parietal lobe is responsible for ____.

A

sensation, touch, and body position

129
Q

The occipital lobe controls ___.

A

vision

130
Q

The somatosensory cortex is located in the ____.

A

parietal lobe

131
Q

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for ___.

A

registering body touch and movement sensations

132
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for ___.

A

hearing and speech

133
Q

Lateralization

A

the left and right hemispheres are specialized for different functions

134
Q

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for ___.

A

language and the right side of the body

135
Q

The right hemisphere is responsible for ___>

A

inference, self-awareness, and the left side of the body

136
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a band of tissues that joins the two brain hemispheres

137
Q

Split brain

A

when the two hemispheres of the brain are surgically separated

138
Q

Chromosome

A

string of DNA molecules
23 pairs
46 total

139
Q

DNA

A

molecule that codes for genetic information

140
Q

Genes

A

small segment of DNA that codes for specific proteins

141
Q

DNA and genes also code for some ____ and ____ traits.

A

mental and psychological

142
Q

Heredity and environment interact to ____>

A

create behavior

143
Q

Monozygotic Twims

A

identical

144
Q

Dizygotic

A

fraternal

145
Q

Comparing twins leads to conclusions regarding ____.

A

nature vs nurture

146
Q

Consciousness

A

subjective awareness of self and environment

147
Q

What are the different states of consciousness?

A

daydreaming, dreaming, focused attention, hypnosis, hallucination, orgasm, sensory deprevation

148
Q

What are the features of consciousness?

A

-involves different states
-focuses attention when learning concepts or behavior
-allows assemblage of multiple information sources

149
Q

In the late 1900s, Psychology was viewed as _______.

A

states of consciousness

150
Q

In the first half of the twentieth century, consciousness was replaced by ____.

A

behaviorism

151
Q

After 1960, consciousness reappeared in the field of psychology due to support from ____>

A

neuroscience

152
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition

153
Q

The conscious experience is linked with ____.

A

synchronized activity across the brain

154
Q

Selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

155
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

the ability to attend to only one voice among many

156
Q

Salient information, such as _____, can pull attention from one place to another

A

our names and loud voices

157
Q

A scientist who maintains an awareness of her own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives is exemplifying which scientific attitude?

A

humility

158
Q

A scientist who begins experiments by doubting, and who analyzes all scientific claims while asking “how does it work?” is exemplifying which scientific attitude?

A

skepticism

159
Q

People who engage in ___ do not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Instead, they analyze assumptions, look into hidden values, and try to determine if conclusions are warranted.

A

critical thinking

160
Q

Many popular myths, such as the idea that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams, have been debunked using ___.

A

critical inquiry

161
Q

Edward Titchener used the research method known as ___.

A

introspection

162
Q

The early school of psychology that employed the method of introspection was known as ____.

A

structuralism

163
Q

Leroy wants to provide medical treatment, including prescribing psychoactive drugs, to help individuals with psychological disorders.
Leroy wants to be a __.

A

psychiatrist

164
Q

The ___ approach involves directly observing the topic of interest

A

empirical

165
Q

What is not a tool that can be used in empirical research?

A

content analysis

166
Q

Professor Patel is conducting observational research on children in kindergarten.
Her data will make it possible for her to ___.

A

describe the children

167
Q

Professor Tan found a strong correlation between SAT scores and introductory psychology grades for students at his college.
HIs data will allow him to ___.

A

predict a student’s introductory psychology score based on their SAT scores

168
Q

The only research method that can be used to explain what caused a change in a variable is ____ research.

A

experimental

169
Q

Professor West has 30 participants drink either 0 mg, 2 mg, or 4 mg of caffeine mixed in juice before completing two tasks.
In this experiment, the independent variable is ___.

A

the amount of caffeine consumed

170
Q

Professor Enfield has 8 ten-year-olds and 8 fifteen-year-olds study a book about beekeeping for either 5 or 10 minutes and then recall as much information as possible.
In this experiment, the dependent variable is ___.

A

recall of beekeeping information

171
Q

In an experiment, a researcher can make claims about causation if _____.

A

changing the independent variable resulted in changes in the dependent varible

172
Q

Predictions can be made if you have ____.

A

correlational data

173
Q

Observational studies can only produce ___>

A

descriptive data

174
Q

Professor Ahmed brings 2 year olds into the lab and has them interact with toys. Professor Ahmed records which toys the children play with the longest. This is an example of a ____ study

A

observational study

175
Q

What is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?

A

daydreaming about an upcoming trip

176
Q

What is an example of a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness?

A

entering a state of hypnosis with the aid of a psychologist

177
Q

Months after Tonya’s left index finger was severed in a factory accident, she noticed an increase in the sensitivity of the fingers near the missing one. The increased sensitivity is caused by ____.

A

the area in the somatosensory cortex once occupied by the missing index finger now receiving input from the adjacent fingers

178
Q

MRI scans indicate that well-practiced pianists have a larger-than-usual auditory cortex area, the area that encodes piano sounds. This best illustrates __.

A

plasticity

179
Q

A PET scan depicts brain activity by detection ___.

A

where a radioactive form of glucose goes during a given task

180
Q

Ron’s recent blood test results indicate that his blood sugar is way off, and he learns that this may have to do with an abnormaility of the ____ in his endocrine system.

A

pancreas

181
Q

Neurotransmitter is to synaptic gap as hormone is to __.

A

bloodstream

182
Q

An automatic reflex such as a knee jerk, or withdrawing a hand from a flame involves __.

A

the spinal cord

183
Q

You are watching your favorite television program when a commercial for a new medication comes on. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. “Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Effexor extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression.”
These two neurotransmitters are _____.

A

serotonin and norepinephrine

Psychology 1101 (2 decks)

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