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Cell and Molecular Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

membranes made of:
head:
tail:

A

phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic
hydrophobic

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2
Q

hydrophobic + hydrophilic =

A

amphipathic

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3
Q

components of nuclear envelope (NE) structure:

A

outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, nuclear pore complexes (NPC), nuclear lamina

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4
Q

NE outer membrane:

A

continuous with ER, membrane proteins bind to cytoskeleton

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5
Q

NE inner membrane:

A

integral proteins that bind nuclear lamina

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6
Q

NE nuclear pore complex (NPC):

A

connect inner and outer membrane, traffic molecules that can’t diffuse, made of nucleoporin proteins (NUPs)

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7
Q

NE nuclear lamina:

A

connected to inner membrane, cytoskeleton, and chromatin; made up of lamins

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8
Q

lamin assembly:

A

1) two monomers dimerize
2) then tetramerize
3) then join end to end

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9
Q

proteins that connect nuclear lamina to inner membrane

A

LBR and emerin

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10
Q

proteins that connect nuclear lamina to cytoskeleton

A

LINC complex

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11
Q

diseases arising from heritable mutations in lamins or other envelope proteins

A

laminopathies

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12
Q

laminopathy hypotheses:

A

mechanical stress hypothesis and gene expression hypothesis

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13
Q

laminopathy mechanical stress hypothesis:

A

weakened cytoskeletal interactions

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14
Q

laminopathy gene expression hypothesis:

A

cell-type specific chromatin localization

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15
Q

nuclear pore complex (NPC):

A

passive diffusion and selective transport; eightfold symmetric complex

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16
Q

components of nuclear pore complex (NPC):

A

cytoplasmic filament, cytoplasmic ring, central channel/inner ring, FG-NUPs, nuclear ring, nuclear basket

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17
Q

FG-NUPs:

A

phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats in NPC inner ring that are unfolded to facilitate active cargo transport

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18
Q

selective transport of mRNAs direction and energy used:

A

unidirectional;
ATP

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19
Q

selective transport of mRNAs direction:

A

unidirectional

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20
Q

selective transport of proteins direction and energy used:

A

bidirectional;
GTP

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21
Q

selective transport of proteins: nuclear transport receptor (NTR) = ___;
recognize ___

A

karyopherin (importin/exportin);
amino acid signal sequences (NLS/NES)

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22
Q

protein import through NPC:

A
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23
Q

protein export through NPC:

A
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24
Q

mRNA export through NPC:

A
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25
Q

mRNP (messenger ribonuceloprotein) =

A

mRNA + proteins (including exporter complex)

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26
Q

NF-kB

A

transcription regulator, activates genes regulating cell survival when imported into nucleus

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27
Q

IkB

A

inhibitor of kB

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28
Q

regulation of nuclear import of transcription factors (NF-kB):

A
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29
Q

chromosome territories:

A

non-random distribution, spaced out, anchored at centromeres and telomeres to NE

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30
Q

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH):

A

helps visualize chromosomes, DNA probes with fluorescent molecule hybridize to sequences

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31
Q

chromosome conformation capture (3C):

A

elucidates chromosome architecture; freeze interactions between protein-linked sequences, ligate interacting sequences together end-to-end, NextGen DNA sequencing

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32
Q

euchromatin

A

active chromatin, associates with nuclear interior or NPC

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33
Q

heterochromatin

A

inactive chromatin, associates with nuclear envelope lamin associated domains (LADs) and nucleolus associated domains (NADs)

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34
Q

types of nuclear factories:

A

replication factories and transcription factories

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35
Q

nuclear bodies:

A

discrete (no membrane) organelles in nucleus; include nucleolus, polycomb bodies, and cajal bodies/nuclear speckles

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36
Q

nucleolus

A

site of rRNA (4 types) production and ribosome assembly

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37
Q

ribosome assembly:

A
38
Q

polycomb bodies

A

sites of coordinately repressed genes, methylation to repress genes

39
Q

cajal bodies

A

site of snRNP processing

40
Q

nuclear speckles

A

site of snRNP storage

41
Q

secretory system includes:

A

ER, golgi, plasma membrane, lysosomes, and transport vesicles

42
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

extends from nuclear outer membrane, produces proteins (rough) and lipids (smooth), stores Ca2+ ions

43
Q

polysome

A

multiple ribosomes on single mRNA

44
Q

targeting proteins to the ER (two ways)

A

co-translational import (ER) or post-translational import (cytosolic, mitochondria, chloroplast, nuclear proteins)

45
Q

co-translational targeting of secretory proteins to the ER:

A
46
Q

signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

binds signal sequence, pause synthesis, binds SRP receptor on ER membrane, releases signal sequence

47
Q

translocon

A

binding side recognizes signal sequence, ribosome binds, plug (for Ca2+ ions) is removed

48
Q

signal peptidase

A

cleaves signal sequence after translation is complete

49
Q

protein folding and QC

A

folding, assembly, and chemical modifications

50
Q

chaperone

A

fold proteins into correct 3D structure based on AA sequence, has misfolded protein sensors

51
Q

ER-associated degradation (ERAD)

A

chaperone finds sad protein, transmembrane ubiquitin ligase complex, cytosol proteasome, dead protein

52
Q

unfolded protein response (UPR)

A

lumen domains of IRE1 (XBP1), ATF6, and PERK activated by excess unfolded proteins; together they stop translation and degrade sad proteins then increase chaperone, ERAD, and lipid production OR cell death

53
Q

lipid synthesis

A

smooth ER’s job

54
Q

which side are phospholipids, cholesterol, and ceramide synthesized on:

A

the cytoplasmic side of the smooth ER

55
Q

flippases

A

translocate new lipids to lumen side of ER

56
Q

lipid droplets

A

produced by all cells, source of nutrients and stress buffer

57
Q

topological orientation of ER and golgi…

A

is maintained as it is moved through the secretory pathway

58
Q

golgi structure

A

made of membrane enclosed sacs (cisternae) and transport vesicles

59
Q

golgi cis side

A

the entry side facing the nucleus

60
Q

golgi trans side

A

the exit side facing the plama membrane, trans golgi network (TGN)

61
Q

golgi function

A

protein sorting and transport, glycoprotein processing, lipid metabolism

62
Q

cis-golgi anterograde transport direction:

A

from ER to ERGIC to cis-golgi

63
Q

cis-golgi anterograde transport types:

A

selective transport or bulk transport

64
Q

cis-golgi anterograde transport ERES:

A

cargo clusters near ER exit sites (ERES) in smooth ER

65
Q

cis-golgi anterograde transport ERGIC:

A

ER-golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) is the mid point between the ER and golgi

66
Q

cis-golgi retrograde transport direction:

A

from cis-golgi to ERGIC to ER

67
Q

cis-golgi retrograde transport sequences:

A

sequences mark polypeptides for retrieval, BiP on cargo proteins has a KDEL sequence that marks them for retrieval by the KDEL protein

68
Q

trans-golgi anterograde transport direction:

A

from trans-golgi to TGN to plasma membrane/endosome

69
Q

trans-golgi anterograde transport TGN:

A

trans-golgi network (TGN) is depot for newly synthesized cargo sorting to vesicles, specific sequences (or lack of) = destination

70
Q

trans-golgi anterograde transport endosome:

A

intracellular sorting organelles of the endocytic pathway

71
Q

trans-golgi retrograde transport direction:

A

from plasma membrane/endosome to TGN to trans-golgi

72
Q

trans-golgi retrograde transport pathogens:

A

bacteria and viruses can exploit transport from plasma membrane to TGN to golgi to ER to nucleus and cause UPR

73
Q

vesicles

A

move cargo though excretory system and from extra-cellular environment, membrane-enclosed, specific cargo = specific destination

74
Q

vesicle coat protein assembly and budding

A

cargo selection and budding form donor membrane; form/maintain lipid bilayer shape, help select cargo, help budding

75
Q

GTPase-dependent formation

A

manage assembly of coat proteins; Arf and Sar, GDP bound, GEF, associates with donor membrane, GAP, cytosolic inactive

76
Q

COPII (coat protein 2 complex)

A

ER to ERGIC to golgi (anterograde), Sar-dependent

77
Q

COPI (coat protein 1 complex)

A

golgi to ERGIC to ER (retrograde), Arf-dependent

78
Q

clathrin

A

TGN to endocytic to plasma membrane OR in reverse (anterograde or retrograde), Arf-dependent and Dynamin-dependent

79
Q

motor proteins

A

move transport vesicles along cytoskeleton from donor to target membrane

80
Q

vesicle fusion = ___ and involves ___

A

cargo delivery;
tethering (Rab and tethering factor) and bilayer fusion (SNAREs)

81
Q

receives and sorts molecules for recycling or degradation

A

endocytic system

82
Q

synthesizes, processes, and delivers cargo to plasma membrane, extracellular environment, and collection of organelles

A

secretory system

83
Q

movement through the endocytic pathway

A

1) vesicles form at cell surface
2) vesicles fuse with early (sorting) endosomes
3) vesicles sent to recycling endosomes OR
4) vesicles sent to late endosomes

84
Q

endocytic pathway:
1) vesicles form at cell surface

A

coated or non-coated, selective to particular cargo

85
Q

endocytic pathway:
2) vesicles fuse with early (sorting) endosomes

A

slightly acidic leads to ligand disassociation, sends cargo to late or recycling endosomes

86
Q

endocytic pathway:
3) recycling endosomes

A

sorting station for cargo returning to plasma membrane (like receptor without a ligand)

87
Q

endocytic pathway:
4) late endosomes

A

more acidic (pH 6) from ATP-dependent H+ pump, ubiquinated proteins, sends cargo to TGN or lysosomes

88
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive secretory pathway organelles, most acidic (pH 4.5) from ATP-dependent H+ pump, acid hydrolases

89
Q

lysosome formation

A

TGN sends vesicles with lysosomal proteins to late endosomes

90
Q

acid hydrolases

A

break down polypeptides, nucleic acids, carbs, lipids; require acidic environment to perform

Cell and Molecular Biology (4 decks)

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