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bio 122 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genetic variation

A

vary between organisms

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2
Q

mutation

A

2 sources of genetic variation

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3
Q

dna

A

made of 3 nucleotides

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4
Q

recombination

A

crossing over in meiosis

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5
Q

haploid

A

1n

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6
Q

diploid

A

2n

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7
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

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8
Q

germline mutation

A

in sex cells, can be passed

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9
Q

somatic mutation

A

in cell that is not producing, so the mutation cant be passed

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10
Q

3 variations

A

deleterious, neutral, adventageous

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11
Q

deleterious variation

A

hurts

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12
Q

neutral variation

A

doesnt help or hurt

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13
Q

advantageous variation

A

helps it in the environment, may increase in frequency in the population

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14
Q

adaptation

A

genetic change in individual makes it better able to survive and reproduce

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15
Q

allele frequency

A

of alleles / total # of alleles at lous

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16
Q

homozygous recessive

A

pp

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17
Q

homozygous dominant

A

PP

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18
Q

zygote

A

offspring

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19
Q

genotype

A

pp PP Pp

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20
Q

phenotype

A

“purple white”

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21
Q

how to measure variation

A

with allele frequency to measure how rare

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22
Q

test cross

A
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23
Q

electrophoresis

A

take fluid put in gel matrix in electric field

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24
Q

enzymes

A

catalysis. proteins. molecules that allow chemical reactions to proceed (geneticists look at enzymes through electrophoresis)

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25
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium

A
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26
Q

5 conditions for hardy weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. no selection
  2. no migration or immigration
  3. no mutation
  4. large population
  5. random mating
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27
Q
  1. no selection
A

no difference in survival/ reproductive success of individuals

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28
Q
  1. no migration or immigration
A

new people could change the makeup

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29
Q
  1. no mutation
A

…

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30
Q
  1. large population
A

significantly large. no sampling errors

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31
Q
  1. random mating
A

…

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32
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency due to random effects of population size

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33
Q

allele frequencies equation

A

p + q = 1

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34
Q

genotype frequencies equation

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

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35
Q

autosomal

A

not sex linked

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36
Q

natural selection

A

driving mechanism for how populations change, frequency of beneficial alleles increase

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37
Q

darwins postulates

A
  1. all organisms show variation
  2. all species produce more offspring than can survive
  3. individuals w favorable traits will tend to survive and reproduce, passing the favorable traits onto offspring
  4. the result is a change toward favorable traits in the population
  5. over time this leads to populations becoming adapted to their environment
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38
Q

artificial selection

A

breeders breed traits they want

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39
Q

modern synthesis

A

30s and 40s mendell and darwin

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40
Q

patterns of selection

A

complex traits

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41
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selects against extremes

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42
Q

directional selection

A

selects against one of the two extremes

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43
Q

disruptive selection

A

selects against the mean

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44
Q

sexual selection

A

promotes an individual’s access to mating. showy aspects threat to safety

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45
Q

other evolutionary forces

A

can change allele frequency.

46
Q

selection = ?

A

selection = evolution

47
Q

migration

A

gene flow, movement of allele population from one to another

48
Q

mutation

A

change in allele frequency, how we get a new variation

49
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequency due to effect of small population size

50
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

allele frequency altered due to population crash

51
Q

founders effect

A

large population with small groups that breaks off and starts a new population

52
Q

divergence

A

molecular evolution

53
Q

molecular clock

A

using amount of change between 2 groups to estimate time together (conserved vs unconserved genes)

54
Q

species

A

fundamental biological unit

55
Q

BSC

A

biological species concept

56
Q

ring species

A

two populations form ring. one place they can interbreed, they cant at the other

57
Q

ecological species concept

A

splitting things up based off ecology

58
Q

competitive exclusion

A

2 species cannot fill same niche at same time

59
Q

ecological niche

A

end dimensional hypervolume

60
Q

gregory gause

A

1930s single cell protists

61
Q

evolutionary species concept

A

how these different groups have evolved, common ancestor

62
Q

cladogram

A

branching tree that shows where populations diverge. bigger level than species

63
Q

reproductive isolation

A

prezygotic, post zygotic

64
Q

prezygotic

A

heaving apart before zygote, stopping geneflow prefertilization

65
Q

postzygotic

A

stopping geneflow after fertilization

66
Q

zygotic

A

zygote, combo of 2 gametes

67
Q

(prez iso) behavioral

A

dances, songs, things to attract

68
Q

prezygotic isolation

A

behavioral, biochemical, anatomical, temporal, spacial

69
Q

postzygotic isolation

A

genetic incompatibility

70
Q

(prez iso) biochemical

A

not the right chemical, nothing happens

71
Q

(prez iso) anatomical

A

“lock and key” if it doesn’t fit it doesn’t happen

72
Q

(prez iso) temporal

A

different times where it occurs

73
Q

(prez iso) spacial

A

not in same space

74
Q

(post z iso) genetic incompatibility

A

issue w chromosomes (mule)

75
Q

allopatric speciation

A

different places split species

76
Q

vicariance

A

geographical barrier keeping apart (snapping shrimp)

77
Q

dispersal

A

colonization of distant area

78
Q

peripatric speciation

A

nearby place dispersal few individuals from big forming island population (big shifts short time)

79
Q

stabilizing selection

A

!

80
Q

peripatric

A

!

81
Q

adaptive radiation

A

!

82
Q

cospeciation

A

2 completely diff evolving same time same way in response to each other

83
Q

sympatric speciation

A

disruptive selection

84
Q

allopatric

A

speciation w no gene flow between diverging populations

85
Q

sympatric

A

sub pops w diff characteristics

86
Q

instantaneous speciation

A

happens right away (hybrid can reproduce w hybrid)

87
Q

polyploidy

A

like haploid but more

88
Q

speciation

A

split into 2 species

89
Q

prokaryotic

A

no membrane bound organelles. no nucleus

90
Q

eukaryotic

A

membrane bound organelles. yes nucleus

91
Q

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

A

dear king phillip came over from great spain

92
Q

things in prokaryotes

A

plasma membrane, nucleoid region, cytoplasm, ribosomes
can have: cell wall, flagella

93
Q

nucleoid region

A

circular chromosomes, plasmids

94
Q

prokaryote

A

domain bacteria and domain archaea

95
Q

eukaryote

A

domain eukarya

96
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of life

97
Q

scientific name

A

Genus + species

98
Q

semi-autonomous

A

organelles that can kinda work alone

99
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse turns adp to atp

100
Q

chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

101
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

cytoplasm, nucleus, cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, plasma membrane

102
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

inside cells, there’s a symbiotic relationship

103
Q

symbiosis

A

mutualism, parasitism, commensalism

104
Q

mutualism

A

both benefit (clownfish, anenome)

105
Q

parasitism

A

one benefits, one harms

106
Q

commensalism

A

one isn’t helped or hurt. no effect

107
Q

multicellular organisms

A

!! tissue

108
Q

tissue

A

collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function

109
Q

kingdom Protista

A

single cell

110
Q

simple multicellularity

A

poor or minimal communication, no resource sharing. NO TISSUES

111
Q

diffusion

A

!

112
Q

complex multicellularity

A

true tissue

bio 122 (1 decks)

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