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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology definition

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

goals of psychology

A

describe, understand, predict, control

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3
Q

psychology was developed from…

A

philosophy and biology

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4
Q

plato/descartes belief of knowledge

A

Knowledge is innate (nature)

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5
Q

aristotle/locke belief of knowledge

A

knowledge acquired through experience (nurture)

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6
Q

plato’s idea of knowledge

A

we inherit character and intelligence
certain ideas are inborn

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7
Q

descarte’s idea of knowledge

A

some ideas are innate

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8
Q

aristotle idea of knowledge

A

there’s nothing in the mind that does not first come from the external

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9
Q

locke idea of knowledge

A

mind is a blank sheet on which experience writes

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10
Q

who established the first psychology lab?

A

wilhelm wundt

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11
Q

why did wilhelm wundt start psychology??

A

he wanted to study consciousness scientifically

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12
Q

wundt’s early experiment

A

how do you measure the speed of thought?
people told to listen for tone and hit button as fast as they can; some people told to just hit button; difference is how long “perception of sound takes”
just hit button was shorter

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13
Q

structuralism

A

the mind (consciousness) is composed of many parts, we can study the individual parts to understand the whole
emphasis on structure and organization of mind

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14
Q

which psychologist is associated with introspection

A

titchener

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15
Q

how did titchener use introspection

A

he just asked people what they thought/felt
used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements

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16
Q

what is wrong with introspection

A

its unreliable
it required smart, verbal people
results varied greatly

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17
Q

what psychologist is associated with functionalism

A

william james

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18
Q

functionalism

A

the study of the purpose of mental processes in adaptive behavior (not the elements)

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19
Q

who thought that consciousness cannot be dissected and studied, but must be studied as a whole

A

william james

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20
Q

why did william james say that thinking developed

A

becuase it was adaptive (darwinian)

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21
Q

which psychologist was associated with psychoanalysis

A

freud

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22
Q

sigmund freud emphasized the importance of:

A

the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior

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23
Q

psychoanalysis

A

ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

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24
Q

which psychologist is associated with behaviorism

A

watson

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25
Q

how did watson redefine psychology

A

as the scientific study of observable behavior

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26
Q

what do behaviorists think?

A

all behavior is a result of learning
our experiences with rewards and punishments shapes our behavior
scientists shouldnt study what they cannot see (consciousness)

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27
Q

cognitive revolution

A

dissatisfaction with behaviorism becuase it couldnt explain all behavior
led field of psych back to its early interest in mental processes
1960s onward

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28
Q

modern computer as metaphor of mind

A

receives input, processes info, outputs info
active processes occur in software that arent visible

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29
Q

cognitive psychology approach

A

explores the ways we percieve, process, and remember information

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30
Q

levels of analysis

A

different complementary views for analyzing phenomena

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31
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

integrated approach that incorporated biological, psychological, and sociocultural levels of analysis

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32
Q

united goal of all subfields of psychology

A

describing and explaining behavior and the mind underlying it

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33
Q

what do biological psychologists do

A

explore the links between brain and mind

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34
Q

what do developmental psychologists do

A

study changing abilities from womb to tomb

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35
Q

what do cognitive psychologists do

A

study how we perceive, think, and solve problems

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36
Q

what do personality psychologists do

A

investigate our persistent traits

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37
Q

what do social psychologists do

A

explore how we view and affect one another

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38
Q

what do clinical psychologists do

A

studies, assessses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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39
Q

what do counseling psychologists do

A

help people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges

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40
Q

what do educational psychologists do

A

study and help individuals in school and educational settings

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41
Q

what do industrial/organizational psychologists do

A

study and advise on behavior in the workplace

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42
Q

what do human factors psychologists do

A

study human capabilities and limitations in complex settings

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43
Q

hindsight bias

A

“i knew it all along”
after learning the outcome of an event, many people believe they could have predicted that very outcome
leads to overconfidence in intuition

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44
Q

overconfidence

A

sometimes we think we know more than we actually know
(length of time to do anagram)

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45
Q

purpose of research in psychology

A

to examine the world in a critical and discerning manner

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46
Q

scientific method

A

specific, self-correcting method for asking questions and getting answers

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47
Q

theory

A

an explanation that can predict behavior or events

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48
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often prompted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory

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49
Q

variables

A

specific factors that are manipulated and measured in research

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50
Q

operational definitions

A

hypothesis must be stated in terms of the operations and methods which will be used to measure it

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51
Q

in the scientific method, what do you have to do if your hypothesis is confirmed>

A

replicate findings
extend findings
test alternative explanations

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52
Q

in the scientific method, what do you have to do if your hypothesis is disconfirmed>

A

reformulate hypothesis
determine meaning for theory

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53
Q

research process

A

theories –> hypothesis –> research and observations
then, confirm/reject/revise, and get back to theories

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54
Q

ways of gathering evidence

A

naturalistic observation
case studies
surveys
experiments

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55
Q

naturalistic observation

A

process of watching without interfering as behavior occurs in natural environment

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56
Q

advantages of naturalistic observation

A

lots of rich data
difficult to duplicate in lab setting

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57
Q

disadvantages of naturalistic observation

A

people may act differently if they know
observations can be distorted by observer’s expectations

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58
Q

case studies

A

intensive study of behavior or mental processes in a particular infividual, group, or situation
often combine observations, tests, interviews, and analysis of written records

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59
Q

advantages of case studies

A

useful when phenomenon is new/complex/rare

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60
Q

disadvanatages of case studies

A

not always representative

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61
Q

surveys

A

ask people ab their behavior, attitudes, beliefs, etc through interviews and questionnaires

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62
Q

advantages of surveys

A

low cost, lots of data
p quick

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63
Q

disadvantages of surveys

A

phrasing v important
participants must represent population being studied
people may be reluctant to admit undesirable things
return rate very low

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64
Q

experiment

A

researcher changes one factor (IV)
measures the effect of this change on another variable (DV)

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65
Q

2 kinds of statistics used in psychology

A

descriptive
inferential

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66
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summary of data
describes data

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67
Q

inferential statistics

A

evaluating the possibility that the observed results represent a real and reliable phenomenon (or it was chance)

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68
Q

statisticially significant

A

the likelihood of getting a certain result by random chance has low probability

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69
Q

what is statistically significant criteria in psychology

A

0.05 (p < .05)

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70
Q

what does p= .05 mean

A

5% likelihood results are due to chance
95% likelihood results are real and not due to chance

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71
Q

correlation coefficient

A

statistical measure of the relationship between two variables
represented by r

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72
Q

r value can range from what to what

A

-1 to +1

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73
Q

value of r represents:

A

strength of relationship

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74
Q

sign of r represents:

A

its direction (positive or negative)

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75
Q

illusory correlations

A

seeing a relationship when none exists
result of bad science; bias

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76
Q

biological psychology

A

study of the cells and organs of the body and the physical and chemical changes involved in behavior and mental processes

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77
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

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78
Q

nervous system is made up of

A

brain and spinal cord

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79
Q

longest axon in humans

A

spine to big toe

80
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming info from sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord

81
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing info from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

82
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs

83
Q

dendrites

A

neuron’s branching extensions that RECEIVE messages and conduct impulses toward cell body
listen/receive messages from other cells

84
Q

axon

A

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles/glands

85
Q

cell body

A

cell’s life-support center

86
Q

neural impulse (action potential)

A

electrical signal traveling down axon

87
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue layer encasing axon of neurons
helps speed neural impulses

88
Q

terminal branches of axon

A

form junctions with other cells

89
Q

multiple sclerosis is caused by what

A

degredatio of myelin sheath

90
Q

at rest, what is the charge difference between the inside and outside of a neuron

A

-70 mV

91
Q

when does a neural impulse fire?

A

when threshold exceeds a certain value, neural impulse fires and travels down axon

92
Q

how do neurons communicate w each other (depolarization, etc)

A
  1. neuron stimulation causes brief change in electric charge. if strong enough, this produces depolarization and action potential
  2. this produces another action potential further down axon. gates open and charged sodium atoms rush in. pump transports sodium bavk outside cell
  3. as action potential vpntinues down axon, first section has now copmltely recharged
93
Q

how do neurons code intensity

A

rate of on-off impulses
number of neurons transmitting

94
Q

synapse

A

junction between axon tip of the sending neuron and dendrite of receiving neuron

95
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that cross synapses

96
Q

reuptake

A

the sending neuron reabsorbs excess NT after flooding synapse
reabsorbs andbreaks down NT

97
Q

NT involved in muscle actions, learning, memory

A

acetylcholine

98
Q

NT involved in movement, learning, attention, emotion

A

dopamine

99
Q

NT involved in mood regulation, sleep

A

serotonin

100
Q

NT involved in memory (excitatory)

A

glutamate

101
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter (calms activity in brain)

A

GABA

102
Q

NT involved in alertness, arousal

A

norepinephrine

103
Q

undersupply of what NT is linked to siezures, tremors, insomnia

A

GABA

104
Q

endorphins

A

natural, opiatelike NT linked to pain control and pleasure

105
Q

in the lock and key mechanism, what is the lock?

A

receptor

106
Q

in the lock and key mechanism, what is the key?

A

neurotransmitter (NT opens receptor site)

107
Q

agonist molecules

A

molecules similar enough to a NT to bind to its receptor and mimic its effects

108
Q

morphine is a ___ for endorphins

A

agonist (it mimics endorphins)

109
Q

antagonist molecules

A

molecules that are structurally similar enough to a NT to bind to its receptor site, but they do it to block the NT from binding.

110
Q

3 functions of nervous system

A

input
processing
output

111
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

112
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect CNS to rest of body

113
Q

somatic nervous system

A

division of PNS that controls body’s skeletal muscles

114
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

division of PNS that controls the glands and muscles of internal organs

115
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that arouses body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

116
Q

how does sympathtic nervous system affect the body?

A

increase heart rate
increase bp
slow digestion
increase blood sugar
increase perspiration

117
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that calms body, conserving its energy

118
Q

how does parasympathetic nervous system affect the body?

A

opposite of sympathetic

119
Q

nervous system that sends sensory info TO CNS for processing and sends messages FROM CNS to muscles to direct motion

A

somatic nervous system

120
Q

nervous system that controls activities that are generally autonomous or independedndt of one’s control

A

autonomic nervous system

121
Q

nervous system that mobilizes the body for action in face of stress (fight or flight)

A

sympathetic nervous system

122
Q

nervous system that regulates the body’s functions to conserve energy (relax)

A

parasympathetic

123
Q

part of nervous system involved in simple reflexes that bypass the brain

A

spinal cord

124
Q

clusters of neurons working together (neural networks)

A

CNS

125
Q

how many neurons, connections, and synapses are there in CNS

A

40 billion neurons
each with 10k connections
40 trillion synapses

126
Q

parts of brain

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

127
Q

parts of hindbrain

A

reticular formation
cerebellum
locus coeruleus
medulla

128
Q

brainstem is located where

A

at base of brain

129
Q

oldest part of brain

A

brainstem

130
Q

brainstem function

A

autonomic regulation, arousal, motor movement

131
Q

where is the medulla located

A

brainstem

132
Q

medulla

A

base of brainstem
controls heartbeat and breathing

133
Q

where is reticular formation located

A

brainstem

134
Q

reticular formation

A

nerve network in brainstem that plays important role in controlling arousal (awakeness)

135
Q

where is thalamus located

A

brainstem

136
Q

thalamus

A

brain’s sensory switchboard
directs messages to sensory areas in cortex; transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla

137
Q

“little brain” attached to rear of brainstem

A

cerebellum

138
Q

function of cerebellum

A

helps coordinate voluntary movements and baalnce

139
Q

componenets of midbrain

A

limibic system
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
amygdala
hippocampus

140
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintenence activities like eating, drinking, body temp, emotion control
controls endocrine system via pituitary gland (hormones)

141
Q

how does hypothalamus control endocrine ssytem

A

pituitary gland

142
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through blodstream and affect other tissues

143
Q

amygdala

A

2 lima bean sized neural clusters linked to fear and anger

144
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system
set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstreamq

145
Q

hippocampus

A

critical in new memory formation
located in midbrain

146
Q

nervous system’s way to communicae with other parts of body

A

endocrine system

147
Q

brain lesion

A

tissue destruction; naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue to study behaviors

148
Q

Phineas Gage

A

survived frontal lobe lesion
became v angry

149
Q

electroencephelogram (EEG)

A

amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on scalp

150
Q

PET scan

A

detects radioactive form of glucose while brain performs a given task
shows us each brain area’s consumption of glucose

151
Q

MRI scan

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-genrated images that distinguish among diff types of brain tissue

152
Q

neural networks

A

interconnected neurons form networks in the brain
these networks are complex and modify with growth and experience

153
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

154
Q

structure of cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipatal lobe
temporal lobe

155
Q

where is frontal lobe

A

forehead

156
Q

where is parietal lobe

A

top to rear head

157
Q

where is occipital lobe

A

back of head

158
Q

where is temporal lobe

A

side of head

159
Q

motor cortex

A

area at rear of frontal lobes that control voluntary movements

160
Q

sensory cortex (parietal cortex)

A

receives info from skin surface and sense organs

161
Q

t/f more intelligent animals have increased association areas of cortex

A

true

162
Q

association areas

A

areas of cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions
theyre involved in higher mental functions usch as learning, remmebring, thiinking, speaking

163
Q

which areas of brain affect language

A

Broca’s area
Wernicke’s are

164
Q

broca’s area

A

controls speech expression (controls muscles of speech via motor cortex)

165
Q

wernicke’s area

A

interprets speech (auditory/visual)

166
Q

brain activity when hearing words

A

auditory cortex
wernickes area

167
Q

brain activity when seeing words

A

visual cortex
angular gyrus

168
Q

brain activity when speaking words

A

brocas area
motor cortex

169
Q

brain activity when speaking words

A

brocas area
motor cortex

170
Q

angular gyrus

A

transforms visual representations into auditory code

171
Q

corpus callosum

A

large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

172
Q

in split brain patients, objects presented in ___ visual field can be names; objects in ___ visual field cannot

A

right; left

173
Q

which hemisphere controls speech

A

left

174
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of the outside world and of one’s mental processes, thoughts, feeelings and perceptions

175
Q

cocktail party affect- and what is it an example of?

A

your ability to attend to only one voice among many when they say your name
selective attention

176
Q

selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a aprticular stimulus

177
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

178
Q

conscious track of dual processing

A

(your convo)
not much info, but we are awware of it and it immediately guides our actions

179
Q

non conscious track of dual processing

A

(your name being called)
a massive amount of sensory info but you are unaware (unless it is brought into consciousness)

180
Q

inattention blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our atention is directed elsewhere
info that is not attended to dissipates quickly- you are “blind” to it

181
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

182
Q

circadian rhythms

A

the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hr cycle
include sleep and wakefulness

183
Q

t/f circadian rhythms can be altered by artificial light

A

true

184
Q

sleep

A

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

185
Q

sleep theories

A

sleep protects
sleep helps us recover
sleep helps us remember
sleep may play a role in the growth process

186
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A

fatigue and death
impaired concentration
emotional irritability
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accident

187
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement
recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur

188
Q

every 90 min we cycle thru 4 sleep stages- what are they?

A

REM, NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3

189
Q

alpha waves

A

the releatively slow waves of relaxed, awake state

190
Q

what is the first stage of sleep

A

NREM 1

191
Q

during NREM 1, you may experience ___

A

halluciantions

192
Q

during NREM 2, you may experience _____

A

sleep spindles

193
Q

during NREM 3, which waves are produced

A

delta waves

194
Q

a meditating person exhibits _____ brain activity

A

alpha

195
Q

beta waves

A

awake and aroused
also seen in REM sleep

196
Q

theta waves

A

during early, light sleeo
seenin stages NREM 1 - NREM 2

197
Q

a person who is daydreaming shows ___ activity

A

theta

psych 2010 (1 decks)

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