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Evolutionary Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

change in organic structures over time

A

evolution

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2
Q

the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment

A

norm of reaction

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3
Q

traits that are sensitive to environmental variations

A

facultative traits

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4
Q

traits that are likely in a typical environment (e.g., having a nose)

A

obligate traits

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5
Q
  • How did the behavior develop?
  • What was the physiological cause?
  • How did the behavior evolve?
  • What’s the behavior’s function?
A

Tinbergen’s 4 Questions

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6
Q

a causal explanation of behavior that focuses on immediate situational and physiological factors

A

proximate explanation of behavior

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7
Q

evolutionary advantage of the behavior

A

ultimate explanations for behavior

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8
Q

Brown’s description of behavior that is common to all human cultures
- social
- rank and status
- rules of etiquette
- communicate verbally and non-verbally
- facial expressions
- religion and beliefs

A

universal people

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9
Q

the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased survival will most likely be passed on to succeding generations

A

natural selection

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10
Q

within any species, there are differences between the population

A

variation

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11
Q

genes are passed down to our offspring

A

inheritance

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12
Q

can happen with environmental pressures
- also happens with mating

A

selection

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13
Q

psychological mechanisms that aided in our survival and therefore got passed on

A

evolved psychological mechanism

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14
Q

the adaptive problem it evolved to solve

A

function

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15
Q

theory of the human mind in which the various components of cognition are characterized as independent modules, each with its own specific domain and particular properties

A

modularity

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16
Q

the issues that ancestors had to successfully deal with in order to survive and reproduce

A

adaptive problems

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17
Q

tells the organism the particular adaptive problem it is facing

A

input

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18
Q

physiological activity, information about other psychological mechanisms, or manifest behavior; solution to a particular adaptive problem

A

output

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19
Q

a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce

A

adaptation

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20
Q

the evolutionary process also produces things that are not adaptations

A

byproducts

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21
Q

effects produced by change mutations, sudden shifts in the environment, etc.

A

random effects of noise

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22
Q

the period when all humans were hunter-gatherers of wild resources, many of our adaptations are designed for this environment
- the statistical composite of selection pressures that occurred during an adaptation’s period of evolution responsible for producing the adaptation

A

Environmental Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)

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23
Q
  • Theory of Parasite-Host Coevolution
  • Theory of Parental Investment and Sexual Selection
  • Theory of reciprocal altruism
A

Middle-Level Evolutionary Theories

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24
Q

Hypothesis 1: In species in which the sexes differ in parents’ investment, the higher investing sex will be more selective in the choice of mating partners
Hypothesis 2: Where males sometimes contribute resources to offspring, females will select mates in part based on their ability and willingness to contribute resources
Hypothesis 3: Members of the sex that invest less parentally in offspring will be more competitive with each other for mating access to the high-investing sex

A

Specific Evolutionary Hypotheses

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25
Q

Prediction 1: Women evolved preferences for, and attraction to, men who are high in status
Prediction 2: Women have evolved preferences for men who show cues indicating a willingness to invest in them and their children
Prediction 3: Women will divorce men who fail to contribute expected resources if they can do better on the “mating market”

A

Specific predictions derived from hypotheses

26
Q

Theory driven
- Step 1: derive hypothesis from existing theory
- Step 2: test predictions based on hypothesis
- Step 3: evaluate whether empirical results confirm predictions

A

Top-down strategy

27
Q
  • Step 1: Develop hypothesis about adaptive function based on a known observation
  • Step 2: test predictions based on hypothesis
  • Step 3: Evaluate whether empirical results confirm predictions
A

Bottom-up strategy

28
Q

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

29
Q

demonstrated that inherited characteristics are carried by genes, dominant and recessive

A

Mendel’s contribution

30
Q

the process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to another during meiosis, further increasing genetic variability

A

Crossing over

31
Q

changes in sections of DNA caused by random or environmental factors

A

mutations

32
Q

the shuffling of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the sperms cell

A

random assortment

33
Q

source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm and egg combinations

A

random fertilization

34
Q

traits that are affected by genes at a single loci; you either have it or you don’t
- e.g., eye color, widows peak, Huntington’s disease

A

discrete traits

35
Q

affected by genes at many loci; multiple locations/gene contributions
- e.g., height, eye shade, hair pattern

A

polygenic traits

36
Q

the alternate allele may produce equally ‘fit’ phenotypes

A

selectively neutral

37
Q

causes selective reversals
- e.g., moths surviving the industrial revolution

A

environmental variation

38
Q

sickle-cell anemia: heterozygote trait doesn’t get sickle cell but is protected against malaria, so the traits continue to get passed down

A

heterozygote superiority

39
Q

selection in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population
- e.g., scorpionfly stealing mating gift

A

frequency-dependent selection

40
Q

gene-copying errors

A

mutation

41
Q

refers to the process of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain

A

sensation

42
Q

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events, and spatial layout of our surrounding world

A

perception

43
Q

innate, fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

A

reflexes

44
Q

enables us to see geometric properties of objects over long distances, use to move around the world

A

vision

45
Q

cannot see fine details, more useful in motion

A

limits of vision

46
Q

vibrations ‘heard’ through the air, water, and sometimes solids
- useful in the dark, help us to avoid predators and take care of our offspring

A

hearing

47
Q

smell: distance and contact sense; pheromones
taste: contact taste

A

chemical sense

48
Q

warm, cold, pressure, itch, tickle, PAIN
- critical for survival

A

touch

49
Q

the response to stimulus depends on both the person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s response criterion

A

signal detection theory

50
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

sensory adaptation

51
Q
  1. consciousness as wakefulness
  2. consciousness as voluntary action
  3. consciousness as awareness
A

three ways of looking at consciousness

52
Q

memory, learning, metabolic regularity, ability to function properly

A

reasons for sleep

53
Q

falling asleep; the stage between awake and sleep

A

hypnagogic state

54
Q

waking up; the stage between sleep and awake

A

hypnopompic stage

55
Q

the surface, “visible” content of a dream; dream images as they are remembered by the dreamer

A

manifest dream content

56
Q

the hidden/symbolic meaning of a dream, as revealed by dream interpretation and analysis

A

latent dream content

57
Q

dreams are influenced by the consolidation of memories during sleep

A

consolidation

58
Q

dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry

A

activation-synthesis theory

59
Q

problem with feature detection theory regarding how all different aspects of feature detection are assembled together and related to a single object; solved by visual attention

A

the binding problem

60
Q

realizing that you and your actions have consequences for both you and those around you

A

aspects of self-awareness

61
Q

our beliefs help to shape our consciousness and brain activity
- meditation: the practice of intentional contemplation
- religious prayer
- imagination
- creativity
- other altered states

A

beliefs and consciousness

Evolutionary Psychology (1 decks)

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