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Bio diversity > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the 3 domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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2
Q

What two domains do prokaryotes fall into

A

Bacteria and Archaea (not closely related)

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3
Q

Prokaryotes divide by what type of cell division

A

binary fission

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4
Q

3 basic shapes of prokaryotes

A

Bacillius (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical shaped)
Spirillium (helical/spiral shaped)

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5
Q

Archaea more closely resemble _______ than bacteria

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Domain bacteria -> Kingdom _______

A

Eubacteria

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7
Q

Domain archaea -> Kingdom ______

A

Archaebacteria

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8
Q

The few species of bacteria that can cause serious illness?

A

Pathogens

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9
Q

Positive impacts of bacteria include?

A

Nitrogen-fixers
decomposers
sewage treatment
bioremediation

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10
Q

Are all bacteria harmful?

A

No! some are harmful like staph bacteria, while some are helpful decomposers like streptomyces.

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11
Q

Many organelles evovled via ____________ between an ancestral eukaryote and a bacterial cell

A

endosymbiosis (symbiotic relationships)

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12
Q

Mitochondria - proteobacteria are what?

A

aerobic bacteria engulfed by larger bacteria

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13
Q

Chloroplasts - cyanobacteria are what?

A

larger bacteria that engulf smaller photosynthetic bacteria

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14
Q

6 fundamental features of plants and animals?

A
  1. Adhesion between cells
  2. cell communication
  3. tissue and organ differentiation
  4. reproduction
  5. cell/tissue loss is lethal for organism
  6. interior and exterior cells
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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high -> low concentrations acting over SMALL distances

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16
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

movement of molecules at rates beyond diffusion across concentration gradient

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17
Q

Examples of bulk transport?

A
  1. pumping blood through circulatory system
  2. transport of water from roots to leaves
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18
Q

The 3 requirements of cells

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Communication
  3. Genetic program (genes, DNA)
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19
Q

Cell adhesion in animals

A

cadherins
integrins
transmembrane proteins

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20
Q

cell adhesion in plants

A

pectins

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21
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

cell communication in ANIMALS between cells thatpromote molecular signals

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22
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

cell communication in ANIMALS between cells that promote molecular signals.

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23
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

Cell communication in plants where strands of cytoplasm connect neighboring plant cells

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24
Q

The plant cell wall impacts __________ support to cells AND provides the _________ support for trees to grow tall.

A

structural support
mechanical support

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25
Q

Growth is restricted to ___________ in roots and stems

A

meristems (zones of cell division, expansion, and differentiation)

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26
Q

Plant cells are _____ while animals can _____

A

fixed
migrate

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27
Q

Most diverse of the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Protists

28
Q

Protists are NOT ______, ______, or ______

A

fungi, plants , or animals

29
Q

Autotrophs

A

-Self-feeders
-photosynthetic
-chemoautotrophic

30
Q

Heterotrophs

A

eat something else to gain energy
-phagotrophs, ingest particular food matter

31
Q

Mixotrophs

A

both phototrophic and heterotrophic

32
Q

Protista is not monphyletic but is ________

A

paraphyletic

33
Q

Are protists harmful?

A

No! some are harmful like plasmodium while others are helpful like green algae that photosynthesize.

34
Q

fungi are ______-_____ or _________ depending on species

A

single-celled or multicellular

35
Q

protists can be

A

unicelluar, multicellular, or colonial

36
Q

prokaryotes are ___cellular

A

unicellular

37
Q

are fungi sexual or asexual?

A

both

38
Q

are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

39
Q

animal and fungi both use _______ for structural support

A

chitin

40
Q

Mycelium

A

below ground structure that digest food, mass of connected hyphae

41
Q

Mushroom

A

above ground mushrooms produce spores

42
Q

Hyphae

A

nucleated threads that are haploid (1n)

43
Q

fungal cell walls are made of

A

chitin

44
Q

the most common means of reproduction among fungi

A

spores

45
Q

spores are formed by ______ or ______ reproduction and are dispersed by _____ or _______

A

sexual or asexual
wind or insects

46
Q

Nutrition of fungi

A

absorb organic molecules and decompose wood, some fungi are carnivorous

47
Q

Fungi can break down ______ and ______

A

cellulose and lignin

48
Q

obligate symbiosis

A

essential for fungus survival

49
Q

facultative symbiosis

A

nonessential

50
Q

pathogens

A

harm host by causing disease, exploitative (example: virus like hepatitis)

51
Q

parasites

A

cause harm to host (do not cause diease), exploitative

52
Q

commensal

A

relationships benefit one partner but does not harm the other

53
Q

mutualistic relationship

A

relationships benefit both partners, obligate or facultative (example: relationship between fungi and photosynthetic partner cyanobacteria or green algae)

54
Q

helpful and harmful fungus

A

penicillin (helpful)
bread yeast (helpful)
mold on bread (harmful)
mushrooms (harmful)
wringworm (Harmful)

55
Q

plants are ____cellular

A

multicellular (eukaryotes)

56
Q

Plant cell walls are made of

A

cellulose

57
Q

all _____ _____ and land plants shared common protists ancestor

A

green algae

58
Q

charophyte is the sister to all ____ plants

A

land plants

59
Q

spore producing structure, may produce _____

A

seeds

60
Q

Nonvascular?

A

Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts) and Green algae

61
Q

Vascular plants?

A

lycophytes, ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms, angiosperms

62
Q

Gymnosperms do not have flower and fruits but have ______ instead

A

cones

63
Q

Angiosperms have ______ and ______

A

fruits and flowers

64
Q

Phloem

A

plant vascular tissue that conducts food and nutrients

65
Q

Xylum

A

plant vascular tissue that transports water and minerals

Bio diversity (3 decks)

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