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A&P 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

By definition, arteries carry
a) blood away from the heart
b) blood towards the heart
c) deoxygenated blood
d) oxygenated blood

A

a) blood away from the heart

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2
Q

T or F? Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope

A

False

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3
Q

T or F? The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell.

A

true

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4
Q

T or F? Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females.

A

true

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5
Q

Which has a greater influence on the flow of blood?
a) the length of the blood vessel
b) the radius of the blood vessel
c) the viscosity of the blood

A

b) the radius of the blood vessel

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6
Q

Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is
a) constant throughout the diameter of the vessel
b) slower in the center of the lumen
c) slower near the walls of the blood vessel

A

c) slower near the walls of the blood vessel

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7
Q

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the (atria/ventricles)

A

atria

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8
Q

The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the (arteries/ventricles)

A

ventricles

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9
Q

T or F? The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of the ventricular cardiomyocytes.

A

true

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10
Q

T or F? We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow.

A

false

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11
Q

T or F? All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions.

A

true

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12
Q

Which part of the ventricle contracts first?

A

apex

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13
Q

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (Ca/K/Na).

A

K

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14
Q

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (Ca/K/Na)

A

Ca

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15
Q

By definition, veins carry
a) blood away from the heart
b) deoxygenated blood
c) blood toward the heart
d) oxygenated blood

A

c) blood toward the heart

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16
Q

What makes most of the proteins in the blood?

A

liver

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17
Q

Blood makes up about ___% of body weight in an average person

A

8%

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18
Q

Put the following in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood: eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, basophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes

A

erythrocytes> platelets> neutrophils> lymphocytes> monocytes> eosinophils> basophils

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19
Q

Where are most of the F-type cation channels located?

A

sinoatrial nodal cells

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20
Q

Where does most of the gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur?

A

capillaries

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21
Q

Where does electrical activity conduct the slowest through?

A

atrioventricular node

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22
Q

Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize:

the bundles of His, the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes, the AV node, the SA node, the atrial cardiomyocytes, and the Purkinje fibers

A

SA node> atrial cardiomyocytes> AV node> bundle of His> Purkinje fibers> the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes

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23
Q

T or F? In response to a single action potential in the cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin

A

false

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24
Q

T or F? Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension

A

false

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25
Q

T or F? Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus

A

true

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26
Q

T or F? The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole

A

true

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27
Q

What are the most common proteins in the blood?

A

albumins

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28
Q

If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called

A

serum

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29
Q

The driving force for bulk flow is

A

pressure differences

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30
Q

The extracellular fluid of the blood is called ___________________ and makes up about ____% of the blood

A

plasma; 55

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31
Q

The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _________ because that is where gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange can occur

A

capillaries

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32
Q

The resistance in blood flow is due to

A

friction

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33
Q

What are the three components of the circulatory system?

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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34
Q

What is another name for the circulatory system?

A

the cardiovascular system

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35
Q

What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?

A

bulk flow= change in pressure/resistance

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36
Q

T or F? If one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize in normal physiology

A

true

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37
Q

The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)

A

depolarization

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38
Q

The inactivation gate of the voltage gated sodium channel opens in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)

A

repolarization/hyperpolarization

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39
Q

F-type cation channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)

A

repolarization/hyperpolarization

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40
Q

Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)

A

repolarization/hyperpolarization

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41
Q

L-type calcium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)

A

depolarization

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42
Q

Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)

A

depolarization

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43
Q

During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (calcium/potassium/sodium)

A

potassium

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44
Q

During the upswing of the action potential the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (calcium/potassium/sodium)

A

sodium

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45
Q

The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels

A

b) F-type cation channels

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46
Q

The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels

A

d) T-type calcium channels

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47
Q

The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels

A

c) L-type calcium channels

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48
Q

Which organs determine the distribution of blood flow?

A

arterioles

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49
Q

In which of the following organs can gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur (SATA)?
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) capillaries
d) veins
e) venules

A

c) capillaries

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50
Q

What is the intrinsic heart rate?

A

100 bpm

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51
Q

What region of the heart is normally the first area to depolarize?

A

SA node

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52
Q

What is the name of the region of the heart that electrically connects the atria to the ventricles?

A

AV node

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53
Q

What region of the heart is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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54
Q

What is the main function of the atria of the heart?

A

stores the blood returning from the veins when the ventricles are contracting

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55
Q

What is the main function of the ventricles of the heart?

A

generate pressure to drive blood flow

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56
Q

What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?

A

prevent the AV valves from prolapsing

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57
Q

What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?

A

resistance= [8(length of vessel)(viscosity of blood)]/[π(radius of vessel)∧4]

58
Q

List all of the ion channels in a cardiomyocyte that were mentioned in the lecture video.

A

1) voltage-gated sodium channel
2) L-type calcium channel
3) inward rectifying potassium channel
4) slow-voltage-gated potassium channel

59
Q

List all of the types of ion channels in a nodal cell that were mentioned in the lecture video

A

1) L-type calcium channel
2) inward rectifying potassium channel
3) slow-voltage-gated potassium channel

60
Q

T or F? Calcium must enter through L-type calcium channels in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for ryanodine receptors to open?

A

true

61
Q

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause (a downward/an upward/no) deflection on the ECG

A

no

62
Q

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause (a downward/an upward/no) deflection on the ECG

A

no

63
Q

What word means contraction in the heart?

A

systole

64
Q

What word means relaxation in the heart?

A

diastole

65
Q

What are the two phases of systole?

A

isovolumetric ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection

66
Q

What are the two phases of diastole and what happens at the end of the second phase?

A

ventricular filling and atrial contraction

67
Q

What are the waves on an ECG?

A

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

68
Q

What in the heart causes the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization

69
Q

What in the heart causes the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization

70
Q

What in the heart causes the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

71
Q

When does atrial repolarization occur?

A

During the QRS complex; it is not seen on the ECG because it is masked by the much greater electrical activity in the ventricle

72
Q

T or F? The venous return varies throughout the cardiac cycle

A

false

73
Q

The first heart sound makes the beginning of (diastole/systole)

A

systole

74
Q

The second heart sound makes the beginning of (diastole/systole)

A

diastole

75
Q

You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is (laminar/turbulent)

A

turbulent

76
Q

When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle (decreases/increases)

A

decreases

77
Q

When would you hear a stenosis in either atrioventricular valve?

A

between the second and the first heart sound

78
Q

When would you hear a stenosis in either semilunar valve?

A

between the first and second heart sound

79
Q

What is the deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure?

A

change in pressure= change in volume of the substance of the structure/compliance of the structure

80
Q

T or F? At end-systole there should be no blood left in the ventricles

A

false

81
Q

T or F? During exercise, the mean arterial pressure is diastolic pressure plus one third of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

A

false

82
Q

T or F? Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output

A

false

83
Q

T or F? Increasing preload increases cardiac contractility

A

false

84
Q

Sympathetic activity causes the heart to contract (faster/slower)

A

faster

85
Q

Sympathetic activity causes the heart to relax (faster/slower)

A

faster

86
Q

The arterial diastolic pressure is reached during (diastole/systole)

A

systole

87
Q

The arterial systolic pressure is reached during (diastole/systole)

A

systole

88
Q

When would you hear an insufficiency in either atrioventricular valve?

A

between the first and second heart sound

89
Q

When would you hear an insufficiency in either semilunar valve?

A

between the second and first heart sound

90
Q

Increasing contractility would tend to (decrease/increase/not change) end-diastolic volume

A

decreases

91
Q

Parasympathetic activity (directly decreases/directly increases/does not directly change) heart contractility

A

does not directly change

92
Q

Sympathetic activity (directly decreases/directly increases/does not directly change) heart contractility

A

directly increases

93
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles?
a) α1
b) α2
c) β1
d) β2
e) β3
f) there are no adrenergic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes

A

d) β2

94
Q

What type of muscarinic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?
a) M1
b) M2
c) M3
d) M4
e) M5
f) there are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes

A

f) there are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes

95
Q

Blood pressure can be pulsatile in (SATA):
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) capillaries
d) veins
e) venules

A

a) arteries
b) arterioles

96
Q

Damage to the _______________ muscles of the heart can lead to an atrioventricular valve insufficiency

A

papillary

97
Q

The highest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the ____________ pressure

A

systolic

98
Q

The lowest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the ___________ pressure

A

diastolic

99
Q

The ventricle contracts more forcefully during systole when it has been filled to a greater degree during diastole is known as _____________’s Law of the Heart

A

Starling

100
Q

At rest, about how long does it take the entire blood volume to circulate through the systemic blood circuit?

A

1 minute

101
Q

What is the normal resting cardiac output in adult humans?

A

5-8 L

102
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic neurons onto the heart?

A

norepinephrine

103
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic neurons onto the heart?

A

acetylcholine

104
Q

What protein does protein kinase A phosphorylate in nodal cells?

A

F-type cation channel

105
Q

What are two other terms that are often used for a valve insufficiency?

A

1) prolapse
2) regurgitation

106
Q

What channel can the beta/gamma subunits of Gi proteins bind to and how does the binding of the subunits affect the permeability of the channel?

A

binds to inward-rectifying K+ channel and increases permeability

107
Q

What is the deterministic equation for cardiac output?

A

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

108
Q

What are the three factors that theoretically can change stroke volume and which is the main or only one to actually have that effect?

A

1) preload (end-diastolic volume)
2) afterload (arterial pressure)
3) contractility (sympathetic activity to ventricles)

109
Q

What are the five substrates for protein kinase A in contractile cardiomyocytes and what effect does phosphorylation have on each substrate?

A

1) L-type Ca2+ - increase permeability
2) ryanodine receptors- increases affinity for calcium, increase permeability
3) troponin- increases affinity for calcium
4) thick filament proteins- increases the rate of cross-bridge cycling
5) calcium pump- pump faster

110
Q

What’s the flow chart for how increasing contractility would not lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output?

A

increased contractility> increased stroke volume> decreased end-systolic volume> decreased end-diastolic volume> stroke volume returns to baseline

111
Q

What is the dicrotic notch due to?

A

the closing of the semilunar valves

112
Q

What is the first heart sound caused by?

A

closing of the atrioventricular valves

113
Q

What is the second heart sound caused by?

A

closing of semilunar valves

114
Q

The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases
a) at a steady rate throughout ventricular filling
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
c) fastest in the last half of ventricular filling

A

b) fastest in the first half of ventricular filling

115
Q

The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases
a) at a steady rate throughout ventricular ejection
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
c) fastest in the last half of ventricular ejection

A

b) fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection

116
Q

T or F? Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle

A

true

117
Q

T or F? The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar

A

true

118
Q

The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular (relaxation/contraction)

A

contraction

119
Q

The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular (relaxation/contraction)

A

relaxation

120
Q

The ventricular walls are
a) thicker on the right side of the heart
b) the same thickness on the right and left sides of the heart
c) thicker on the left side of the heart

A

c) thicker on the left side of the heart

121
Q

According to the lecture video, highly trained aerobic athletes can increease their cardiac output by up to ___x resting values

A

7x

122
Q

What type of adrenergic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?

A

β1

123
Q

What type of muscarinic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?

A

M2

124
Q

What type of receptor are all beta-adrenergic receptors?

A

Gs protein coupled receptors

125
Q

What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor on the heart?

A

Gi protein coupled receptor

126
Q

Which valve is most likely to develop an insufficiency?

A

bicuspid valve

127
Q

T or F? The right ventricle has the same cardiac output as the left ventricle.

A

true

128
Q

Phosphorylation of the F-type cation channel
a) decreases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
b) decreases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c) increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
d) increases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate

A

c) increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate

129
Q

Parasympathetic activity to the SA node causes the most negative membrane potential in the SA node to be (more/less) negative

A

more

130
Q

At rest,
a) there is no nervous activity to the heart
b) there is parasympathetic activity to the heart
c) there is sympathetic activity to the heart
d) there is both

A

b) there is parasympathetic activity to the heart

131
Q

T or F? Circulating epinepherine has the same effect on the heart as the sympathetic nervous activity to the heart

A

true

132
Q

T or F? Pre-load is the same as end systolic volume

A

false

133
Q

Increasing preload (increases/decreases/has no effect on) the stretch on the ventricle

A

increases

134
Q

A stretched cardiomyocyte contracts with more force because it
a) has less overlap of actin and myosin
b) has more overlap of actin and myosin
c) is less sensitive to calcium
d) is more sensitive to calcium

A

d) is more sensitive to calcium

135
Q

T or F? Cardiomyocytes are at their optimum length for generation of force at their resting length

A

false

136
Q

Electrocardiograms measure (extracellular/intracellular) voltage

A

extracellular

137
Q

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG

A

a downward

138
Q

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG

A

upward

139
Q

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG

A

upward

140
Q

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG

A

a downward

A&P 2 (1 decks)

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