Exam 1 Flashcards
By definition, arteries carry
a) blood away from the heart
b) blood towards the heart
c) deoxygenated blood
d) oxygenated blood
a) blood away from the heart
T or F? Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope
False
T or F? The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell.
true
T or F? Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females.
true
Which has a greater influence on the flow of blood?
a) the length of the blood vessel
b) the radius of the blood vessel
c) the viscosity of the blood
b) the radius of the blood vessel
Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is
a) constant throughout the diameter of the vessel
b) slower in the center of the lumen
c) slower near the walls of the blood vessel
c) slower near the walls of the blood vessel
The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the (atria/ventricles)
atria
The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the (arteries/ventricles)
ventricles
T or F? The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of the ventricular cardiomyocytes.
true
T or F? We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow.
false
T or F? All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions.
true
Which part of the ventricle contracts first?
apex
A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (Ca/K/Na).
K
During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (Ca/K/Na)
Ca
By definition, veins carry
a) blood away from the heart
b) deoxygenated blood
c) blood toward the heart
d) oxygenated blood
c) blood toward the heart
What makes most of the proteins in the blood?
liver
Blood makes up about ___% of body weight in an average person
8%
Put the following in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood: eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, basophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes
erythrocytes> platelets> neutrophils> lymphocytes> monocytes> eosinophils> basophils
Where are most of the F-type cation channels located?
sinoatrial nodal cells
Where does most of the gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur?
capillaries
Where does electrical activity conduct the slowest through?
atrioventricular node
Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize:
the bundles of His, the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes, the AV node, the SA node, the atrial cardiomyocytes, and the Purkinje fibers
SA node> atrial cardiomyocytes> AV node> bundle of His> Purkinje fibers> the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes
T or F? In response to a single action potential in the cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin
false
T or F? Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension
false
T or F? Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus
true
T or F? The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole
true
What are the most common proteins in the blood?
albumins
If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called
serum
The driving force for bulk flow is
pressure differences
The extracellular fluid of the blood is called ___________________ and makes up about ____% of the blood
plasma; 55
The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _________ because that is where gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange can occur
capillaries
The resistance in blood flow is due to
friction
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
blood, heart, blood vessels
What is another name for the circulatory system?
the cardiovascular system
What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?
bulk flow= change in pressure/resistance
T or F? If one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize in normal physiology
true
The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
depolarization
The inactivation gate of the voltage gated sodium channel opens in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
repolarization/hyperpolarization
F-type cation channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
repolarization/hyperpolarization
Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
repolarization/hyperpolarization
L-type calcium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
depolarization
Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
depolarization
During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (calcium/potassium/sodium)
potassium
During the upswing of the action potential the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (calcium/potassium/sodium)
sodium
The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
b) F-type cation channels
The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
c) L-type calcium channels
Which organs determine the distribution of blood flow?
arterioles
In which of the following organs can gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur (SATA)?
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) capillaries
d) veins
e) venules
c) capillaries
What is the intrinsic heart rate?
100 bpm
What region of the heart is normally the first area to depolarize?
SA node
What is the name of the region of the heart that electrically connects the atria to the ventricles?
AV node
What region of the heart is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
What is the main function of the atria of the heart?
stores the blood returning from the veins when the ventricles are contracting
What is the main function of the ventricles of the heart?
generate pressure to drive blood flow
What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?
prevent the AV valves from prolapsing
What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?
resistance= [8(length of vessel)(viscosity of blood)]/[π(radius of vessel)∧4]
List all of the ion channels in a cardiomyocyte that were mentioned in the lecture video.
1) voltage-gated sodium channel
2) L-type calcium channel
3) inward rectifying potassium channel
4) slow-voltage-gated potassium channel
List all of the types of ion channels in a nodal cell that were mentioned in the lecture video
1) L-type calcium channel
2) inward rectifying potassium channel
3) slow-voltage-gated potassium channel
T or F? Calcium must enter through L-type calcium channels in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for ryanodine receptors to open?
true
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause (a downward/an upward/no) deflection on the ECG
no
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause (a downward/an upward/no) deflection on the ECG
no
What word means contraction in the heart?
systole
What word means relaxation in the heart?
diastole
What are the two phases of systole?
isovolumetric ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection
What are the two phases of diastole and what happens at the end of the second phase?
ventricular filling and atrial contraction
What are the waves on an ECG?
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
What in the heart causes the P wave?
atrial depolarization
What in the heart causes the QRS complex?
ventricular depolarization
What in the heart causes the T wave?
ventricular repolarization
When does atrial repolarization occur?
During the QRS complex; it is not seen on the ECG because it is masked by the much greater electrical activity in the ventricle
T or F? The venous return varies throughout the cardiac cycle
false
The first heart sound makes the beginning of (diastole/systole)
systole
The second heart sound makes the beginning of (diastole/systole)
diastole
You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is (laminar/turbulent)
turbulent
When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle (decreases/increases)
decreases
When would you hear a stenosis in either atrioventricular valve?
between the second and the first heart sound
When would you hear a stenosis in either semilunar valve?
between the first and second heart sound
What is the deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure?
change in pressure= change in volume of the substance of the structure/compliance of the structure
T or F? At end-systole there should be no blood left in the ventricles
false
T or F? During exercise, the mean arterial pressure is diastolic pressure plus one third of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
false
T or F? Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output
false
T or F? Increasing preload increases cardiac contractility
false
Sympathetic activity causes the heart to contract (faster/slower)
faster
Sympathetic activity causes the heart to relax (faster/slower)
faster
The arterial diastolic pressure is reached during (diastole/systole)
systole
The arterial systolic pressure is reached during (diastole/systole)
systole
When would you hear an insufficiency in either atrioventricular valve?
between the first and second heart sound
When would you hear an insufficiency in either semilunar valve?
between the second and first heart sound
Increasing contractility would tend to (decrease/increase/not change) end-diastolic volume
decreases
Parasympathetic activity (directly decreases/directly increases/does not directly change) heart contractility
does not directly change
Sympathetic activity (directly decreases/directly increases/does not directly change) heart contractility
directly increases
What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles?
a) α1
b) α2
c) β1
d) β2
e) β3
f) there are no adrenergic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes
d) β2
What type of muscarinic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?
a) M1
b) M2
c) M3
d) M4
e) M5
f) there are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes
f) there are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes
Blood pressure can be pulsatile in (SATA):
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) capillaries
d) veins
e) venules
a) arteries
b) arterioles
Damage to the _______________ muscles of the heart can lead to an atrioventricular valve insufficiency
papillary
The highest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the ____________ pressure
systolic
The lowest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the ___________ pressure
diastolic
The ventricle contracts more forcefully during systole when it has been filled to a greater degree during diastole is known as _____________’s Law of the Heart
Starling
At rest, about how long does it take the entire blood volume to circulate through the systemic blood circuit?
1 minute
What is the normal resting cardiac output in adult humans?
5-8 L
What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic neurons onto the heart?
norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic neurons onto the heart?
acetylcholine
What protein does protein kinase A phosphorylate in nodal cells?
F-type cation channel
What are two other terms that are often used for a valve insufficiency?
1) prolapse
2) regurgitation
What channel can the beta/gamma subunits of Gi proteins bind to and how does the binding of the subunits affect the permeability of the channel?
binds to inward-rectifying K+ channel and increases permeability
What is the deterministic equation for cardiac output?
cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate
What are the three factors that theoretically can change stroke volume and which is the main or only one to actually have that effect?
1) preload (end-diastolic volume)
2) afterload (arterial pressure)
3) contractility (sympathetic activity to ventricles)
What are the five substrates for protein kinase A in contractile cardiomyocytes and what effect does phosphorylation have on each substrate?
1) L-type Ca2+ - increase permeability
2) ryanodine receptors- increases affinity for calcium, increase permeability
3) troponin- increases affinity for calcium
4) thick filament proteins- increases the rate of cross-bridge cycling
5) calcium pump- pump faster
What’s the flow chart for how increasing contractility would not lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output?
increased contractility> increased stroke volume> decreased end-systolic volume> decreased end-diastolic volume> stroke volume returns to baseline
What is the dicrotic notch due to?
the closing of the semilunar valves
What is the first heart sound caused by?
closing of the atrioventricular valves
What is the second heart sound caused by?
closing of semilunar valves
The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases
a) at a steady rate throughout ventricular filling
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
c) fastest in the last half of ventricular filling
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases
a) at a steady rate throughout ventricular ejection
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
c) fastest in the last half of ventricular ejection
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
T or F? Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle
true
T or F? The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar
true
The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular (relaxation/contraction)
contraction
The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular (relaxation/contraction)
relaxation
The ventricular walls are
a) thicker on the right side of the heart
b) the same thickness on the right and left sides of the heart
c) thicker on the left side of the heart
c) thicker on the left side of the heart
According to the lecture video, highly trained aerobic athletes can increease their cardiac output by up to ___x resting values
7x
What type of adrenergic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?
β1
What type of muscarinic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?
M2
What type of receptor are all beta-adrenergic receptors?
Gs protein coupled receptors
What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor on the heart?
Gi protein coupled receptor
Which valve is most likely to develop an insufficiency?
bicuspid valve
T or F? The right ventricle has the same cardiac output as the left ventricle.
true
Phosphorylation of the F-type cation channel
a) decreases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
b) decreases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c) increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
d) increases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c) increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
Parasympathetic activity to the SA node causes the most negative membrane potential in the SA node to be (more/less) negative
more
At rest,
a) there is no nervous activity to the heart
b) there is parasympathetic activity to the heart
c) there is sympathetic activity to the heart
d) there is both
b) there is parasympathetic activity to the heart
T or F? Circulating epinepherine has the same effect on the heart as the sympathetic nervous activity to the heart
true
T or F? Pre-load is the same as end systolic volume
false
Increasing preload (increases/decreases/has no effect on) the stretch on the ventricle
increases
A stretched cardiomyocyte contracts with more force because it
a) has less overlap of actin and myosin
b) has more overlap of actin and myosin
c) is less sensitive to calcium
d) is more sensitive to calcium
d) is more sensitive to calcium
T or F? Cardiomyocytes are at their optimum length for generation of force at their resting length
false
Electrocardiograms measure (extracellular/intracellular) voltage
extracellular
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
a downward
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
upward
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
upward
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
a downward
