Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
By definition, arteries carry
a) blood away from the heart
b) blood towards the heart
c) deoxygenated blood
d) oxygenated blood
A
a) blood away from the heart
2
Q
T or F? Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope
A
False
3
Q
T or F? The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell.
A
true
4
Q
T or F? Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females.
A
true
5
Q
Which has a greater influence on the flow of blood?
a) the length of the blood vessel
b) the radius of the blood vessel
c) the viscosity of the blood
A
b) the radius of the blood vessel
6
Q
Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is
a) constant throughout the diameter of the vessel
b) slower in the center of the lumen
c) slower near the walls of the blood vessel
A
c) slower near the walls of the blood vessel
7
Q
The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the (atria/ventricles)
A
atria
8
Q
The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the (arteries/ventricles)
A
ventricles
9
Q
T or F? The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of the ventricular cardiomyocytes.
A
true
10
Q
T or F? We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow.
A
false
11
Q
T or F? All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions.
A
true
12
Q
Which part of the ventricle contracts first?
A
apex
13
Q
A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (Ca/K/Na).
A
K
14
Q
During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (Ca/K/Na)
A
Ca
15
Q
By definition, veins carry
a) blood away from the heart
b) deoxygenated blood
c) blood toward the heart
d) oxygenated blood
A
c) blood toward the heart
16
Q
What makes most of the proteins in the blood?
A
liver
17
Q
Blood makes up about ___% of body weight in an average person
A
8%
18
Q
Put the following in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood: eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, basophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes
A
erythrocytes> platelets> neutrophils> lymphocytes> monocytes> eosinophils> basophils
19
Q
Where are most of the F-type cation channels located?
A
sinoatrial nodal cells
20
Q
Where does most of the gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur?
A
capillaries
21
Q
Where does electrical activity conduct the slowest through?
A
atrioventricular node
22
Q
Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize:
the bundles of His, the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes, the AV node, the SA node, the atrial cardiomyocytes, and the Purkinje fibers
A
SA node> atrial cardiomyocytes> AV node> bundle of His> Purkinje fibers> the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes
23
Q
T or F? In response to a single action potential in the cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin
A
false
24
Q
T or F? Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension
A
false
25
T or F? Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus
true
26
T or F? The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole
true
27
What are the most common proteins in the blood?
albumins
28
If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called
serum
29
The driving force for bulk flow is
pressure differences
30
The extracellular fluid of the blood is called ___________________ and makes up about ____% of the blood
plasma; 55
31
The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _________ because that is where gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange can occur
capillaries
32
The resistance in blood flow is due to
friction
33
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
blood, heart, blood vessels
34
What is another name for the circulatory system?
the cardiovascular system
35
What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?
bulk flow= change in pressure/resistance
36
T or F? If one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize in normal physiology
true
37
The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
depolarization
38
The inactivation gate of the voltage gated sodium channel opens in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
repolarization/hyperpolarization
39
F-type cation channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
repolarization/hyperpolarization
40
Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
repolarization/hyperpolarization
41
L-type calcium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
depolarization
42
Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to (depolarization or repolarization/hyperpolarization)
depolarization
43
During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (calcium/potassium/sodium)
potassium
44
During the upswing of the action potential the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to (calcium/potassium/sodium)
sodium
45
The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
b) F-type cation channels
46
The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
47
The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of
a) fast voltage-gated sodium channels
b) F-type cation channels
c) L-type calcium channels
d) T-type calcium channels
c) L-type calcium channels
48
Which organs determine the distribution of blood flow?
arterioles
49
In which of the following organs can gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur (SATA)?
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) capillaries
d) veins
e) venules
c) capillaries
50
What is the intrinsic heart rate?
100 bpm
51
What region of the heart is normally the first area to depolarize?
SA node
52
What is the name of the region of the heart that electrically connects the atria to the ventricles?
AV node
53
What region of the heart is the normal pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
54
What is the main function of the atria of the heart?
stores the blood returning from the veins when the ventricles are contracting
55
What is the main function of the ventricles of the heart?
generate pressure to drive blood flow
56
What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?
prevent the AV valves from prolapsing
57
What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?
resistance= [8(length of vessel)(viscosity of blood)]/[π(radius of vessel)∧4]
58
List all of the ion channels in a cardiomyocyte that were mentioned in the lecture video.
1) voltage-gated sodium channel
2) L-type calcium channel
3) inward rectifying potassium channel
4) slow-voltage-gated potassium channel
59
List all of the types of ion channels in a nodal cell that were mentioned in the lecture video
1) L-type calcium channel
2) inward rectifying potassium channel
3) slow-voltage-gated potassium channel
60
T or F? Calcium must enter through L-type calcium channels in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for ryanodine receptors to open?
true
61
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause (a downward/an upward/no) deflection on the ECG
no
62
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause (a downward/an upward/no) deflection on the ECG
no
63
What word means contraction in the heart?
systole
64
What word means relaxation in the heart?
diastole
65
What are the two phases of systole?
isovolumetric ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection
66
What are the two phases of diastole and what happens at the end of the second phase?
ventricular filling and atrial contraction
67
What are the waves on an ECG?
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
68
What in the heart causes the P wave?
atrial depolarization
69
What in the heart causes the QRS complex?
ventricular depolarization
70
What in the heart causes the T wave?
ventricular repolarization
71
When does atrial repolarization occur?
During the QRS complex; it is not seen on the ECG because it is masked by the much greater electrical activity in the ventricle
72
T or F? The venous return varies throughout the cardiac cycle
false
73
The first heart sound makes the beginning of (diastole/systole)
systole
74
The second heart sound makes the beginning of (diastole/systole)
diastole
75
You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is (laminar/turbulent)
turbulent
76
When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle (decreases/increases)
decreases
77
When would you hear a stenosis in either atrioventricular valve?
between the second and the first heart sound
78
When would you hear a stenosis in either semilunar valve?
between the first and second heart sound
79
What is the deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure?
change in pressure= change in volume of the substance of the structure/compliance of the structure
80
T or F? At end-systole there should be no blood left in the ventricles
false
81
T or F? During exercise, the mean arterial pressure is diastolic pressure plus one third of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
false
82
T or F? Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output
false
83
T or F? Increasing preload increases cardiac contractility
false
84
Sympathetic activity causes the heart to contract (faster/slower)
faster
85
Sympathetic activity causes the heart to relax (faster/slower)
faster
86
The arterial diastolic pressure is reached during (diastole/systole)
systole
87
The arterial systolic pressure is reached during (diastole/systole)
systole
88
When would you hear an insufficiency in either atrioventricular valve?
between the first and second heart sound
89
When would you hear an insufficiency in either semilunar valve?
between the second and first heart sound
90
Increasing contractility would tend to (decrease/increase/not change) end-diastolic volume
decreases
91
Parasympathetic activity (directly decreases/directly increases/does not directly change) heart contractility
does not directly change
92
Sympathetic activity (directly decreases/directly increases/does not directly change) heart contractility
directly increases
93
What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles?
a) α1
b) α2
c) β1
d) β2
e) β3
f) there are no adrenergic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes
d) β2
94
What type of muscarinic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?
a) M1
b) M2
c) M3
d) M4
e) M5
f) there are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes
f) there are no muscarinic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes
95
Blood pressure can be pulsatile in (SATA):
a) arteries
b) arterioles
c) capillaries
d) veins
e) venules
a) arteries
b) arterioles
96
Damage to the _______________ muscles of the heart can lead to an atrioventricular valve insufficiency
papillary
97
The highest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the ____________ pressure
systolic
98
The lowest pressure in an artery during the cardiac cycle is called the ___________ pressure
diastolic
99
The ventricle contracts more forcefully during systole when it has been filled to a greater degree during diastole is known as _____________'s Law of the Heart
Starling
100
At rest, about how long does it take the entire blood volume to circulate through the systemic blood circuit?
1 minute
101
What is the normal resting cardiac output in adult humans?
5-8 L
102
What neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic neurons onto the heart?
norepinephrine
103
What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic neurons onto the heart?
acetylcholine
104
What protein does protein kinase A phosphorylate in nodal cells?
F-type cation channel
105
What are two other terms that are often used for a valve insufficiency?
1) prolapse
2) regurgitation
106
What channel can the beta/gamma subunits of Gi proteins bind to and how does the binding of the subunits affect the permeability of the channel?
binds to inward-rectifying K+ channel and increases permeability
107
What is the deterministic equation for cardiac output?
cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate
108
What are the three factors that theoretically can change stroke volume and which is the main or only one to actually have that effect?
1) preload (end-diastolic volume)
2) afterload (arterial pressure)
3) contractility (sympathetic activity to ventricles)
109
What are the five substrates for protein kinase A in contractile cardiomyocytes and what effect does phosphorylation have on each substrate?
1) L-type Ca2+ - increase permeability
2) ryanodine receptors- increases affinity for calcium, increase permeability
3) troponin- increases affinity for calcium
4) thick filament proteins- increases the rate of cross-bridge cycling
5) calcium pump- pump faster
110
What's the flow chart for how increasing contractility would not lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output?
increased contractility> increased stroke volume> decreased end-systolic volume> decreased end-diastolic volume> stroke volume returns to baseline
111
What is the dicrotic notch due to?
the closing of the semilunar valves
112
What is the first heart sound caused by?
closing of the atrioventricular valves
113
What is the second heart sound caused by?
closing of semilunar valves
114
The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases
a) at a steady rate throughout ventricular filling
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
c) fastest in the last half of ventricular filling
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular filling
115
The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases
a) at a steady rate throughout ventricular ejection
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
c) fastest in the last half of ventricular ejection
b) fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection
116
T or F? Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle
true
117
T or F? The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar
true
118
The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular (relaxation/contraction)
contraction
119
The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during isovolumetric ventricular (relaxation/contraction)
relaxation
120
The ventricular walls are
a) thicker on the right side of the heart
b) the same thickness on the right and left sides of the heart
c) thicker on the left side of the heart
c) thicker on the left side of the heart
121
According to the lecture video, highly trained aerobic athletes can increease their cardiac output by up to ___x resting values
7x
122
What type of adrenergic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?
β1
123
What type of muscarinic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?
M2
124
What type of receptor are all beta-adrenergic receptors?
Gs protein coupled receptors
125
What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor on the heart?
Gi protein coupled receptor
126
Which valve is most likely to develop an insufficiency?
bicuspid valve
127
T or F? The right ventricle has the same cardiac output as the left ventricle.
true
128
Phosphorylation of the F-type cation channel
a) decreases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
b) decreases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c) increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
d) increases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate
c) increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate
129
Parasympathetic activity to the SA node causes the most negative membrane potential in the SA node to be (more/less) negative
more
130
At rest,
a) there is no nervous activity to the heart
b) there is parasympathetic activity to the heart
c) there is sympathetic activity to the heart
d) there is both
b) there is parasympathetic activity to the heart
131
T or F? Circulating epinepherine has the same effect on the heart as the sympathetic nervous activity to the heart
true
132
T or F? Pre-load is the same as end systolic volume
false
133
Increasing preload (increases/decreases/has no effect on) the stretch on the ventricle
increases
134
A stretched cardiomyocyte contracts with more force because it
a) has less overlap of actin and myosin
b) has more overlap of actin and myosin
c) is less sensitive to calcium
d) is more sensitive to calcium
d) is more sensitive to calcium
135
T or F? Cardiomyocytes are at their optimum length for generation of force at their resting length
false
136
Electrocardiograms measure (extracellular/intracellular) voltage
extracellular
137
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
a downward
138
A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
upward
139
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
upward
140
A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause (no/upward/downward) deflection on the ECG
a downward
