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Animal diversity > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many major phyla of living multicellular animals?

A

32

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2
Q

What is a group of species that share the same level of organizational complexity?

A

Grade

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3
Q

What are the 5 different grades? (simple to complex)

A

Cells

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

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4
Q

5 hierarchical levels of complexity

A

Protoplasmic grade of organization

Cellular grade of organization

Cell-tissue grade

Tissue-organ grade

Organ-system grade

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5
Q

Protoplasmic grade of organization

A

Unicellular organisms

  • Protists are the simplest eukaryotes
  • Carry out life functions among the

various cell structures

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6
Q

Cellular grade of organization

A

Metazoans are multicellular animals that have specialized cells for particular functions

Volvox, sponges are some of the simplest metazoans

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7
Q

Cell-tissue Grade

A

tissue- specialized cells are grouped together to perform as a coordinated unit (jellyfish)

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8
Q

Tissue-organ Grade

A

tissues are assembled into organs (heart = muscle tissue, connective, nervous, and epithelial)

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9
Q

Organ-system Grade

A

The highest level of organization, organs work together to perform some functions
Basic body function-circulation, respiration, and digestion

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10
Q

What does animal body plans differ by?

A
  1. Grade of organization
  2. Body symmetry
  3. Number of germ layers
  4. Type of body cavity
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11
Q

Spherical symmetry

A

occurs when any plane passing through the center divides the body into mirrored halves
(mostly protists)

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12
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis can divide the organism into similar halves
EX: jellyfish

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13
Q

Biradial Symmetry

A

two planes will divide the organism
EX: comb jellies

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14
Q

Radiata Phyla

A
  1. Cnidaria and Ctenophora
  2. Jellyfish, sea anemones and corals (no front or back, weak swimmers, interact with their environment from all directions)
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15
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

organisms with one plane that divides the organism into left and right halves
better for directional (forward) movement

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16
Q

Bilateral symmetry is associated with what?

A

cephalization
1. Differentiation of a head
2. Moving head first - directional movement
3. Nervous tissue
4. Sense organs - responds to environment

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17
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Anterior-posterior divison

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18
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Dorsal-ventral divison

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19
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

right and left halves
Proximal - distal
Medial - lateral

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20
Q

Body cavity is

A

internal space
Digestive tract, second fluid-filled cavity
Blastula stage –> Gastrula Stage

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21
Q

Pseudocoel or coelom

A

fluid filled body cavities that cushion organs and provide support

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22
Q

The blastocoel usually fills with what?

A

mesoderm

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23
Q

What 3 body plans are possible?

A
  1. Acoelomate (no body cavity)
  2. Psuedocoelomate (body cavity between endoderm and mesoderm)
  3. Coelomate - body cavity surrounded by mesoderm
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24
Q

Coelms surrounded by mesoderm can arise in which 2 ways?

A

Schizocoely and Enterocoely

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25
Q

Mesodermal cells fill the blastocoel, forming a solid band of tissue around the gut, then a space opens inside the mesodermal band

A

Schizocoely

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26
Q

Portions of the gut lining form pockets that pinch off and form a ring of mesoderm

A

Enterocoely

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27
Q

Schizocoely and Enterocoely are the same or different?

A

Same

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28
Q

Sponges develop only to what?

A

They only develop to blastula stage, then reorganize to form adult Gastrulation allows animals to proceed to tissue level organization

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29
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 germ layers
Cnidarians
Ctenophores

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30
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 germ layers
Has mesoderm

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31
Q

In some organisms the gut does not…

A

form a complete tube
(waste comes back out of mouth)

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32
Q

A complete gut….

A

forms a tube within a tube body plan

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33
Q

Metamersim (segmentation)

A
  1. Serial repetition of similar body segments
  2. Greater mobility
  3. More complex structure and function
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34
Q

A group of similar cells specialized for performing a common function

A

Tissue

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35
Q

What are the 4 main categories tissue is classified into?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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36
Q

Increased complexity allows for an increase in what?

A

Body Size

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37
Q

Larger size decreases the surface area to

A

volume ratio

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38
Q

Cost of maintaining body temperature is less per gram of body weight than in

A

small animals

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39
Q

Energy costs of moving a gram of body weight over a given distance less for

A

larger animals

40
Q

The science of ordering and naming species

A

Taxonomy

41
Q

A subsidy of ____ the study of variation among species and their evolutionary relationships with other species

A

systematics

42
Q

Taxonomic ranks

A
  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
43
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

bi=two
nomial=name

44
Q

Descent modification

A

species evolved from recent common ancestor

45
Q

Species are the smallest grouping of an …

A

organsim

46
Q

Reproductive exclusivity

A

cannot viably reproduce with other species

47
Q

Morphological species (B.D Before Darwin)

A

species were defined by fixed essential features (typically tangible/visual features)

48
Q

Biological species concept (A.D After Darwin)

A

“a species is a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature” -Ernest Mayr

49
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A

single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identify from other such lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

50
Q

Cohesion species concept

A

the most inclusive population of individuals having the potential for phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic cohesion mechanisms

51
Q

The environmental conditions in which a species may live

A

Niche

52
Q

Speciation/evolution happens over generations not within…

A

an individual

53
Q

Environmental conditions are

A

heterogenous (different between multiple locations)

54
Q

The discipline that relates all extinct and extant species

A

phylogeny

55
Q

Organism have features that we call

A

characters

56
Q

The character is the

A

limb arrangement

57
Q

The different types of limb arrangement are different

A

character states

58
Q

Character states are

A

related to each other

59
Q

A group we know is close but not included in the group we are studying

A

outgrip

60
Q

Fundamental unit to group species within phylogenetic trees

A

Clade

61
Q

Group includes most recent common ancestor and all descendants

A

Monophyletic group

62
Q

Group includes most recent common ancestor and some descendants

A

Paraphyletic group

63
Q

Group does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members in the group

A

Polyphyletic Clade

64
Q

Protists

A

Unicellular

65
Q

Porifera

A

cell level organization

66
Q

Way an animal interacts with its living environments

A

community ecology

67
Q

Sponges provide structures for many organisms we will call these organisms…

A

commensals

68
Q

Sponges provide a place to hide from

A

predators

69
Q

Sponges are..

A

sessile (meaning they don’t move)

70
Q

Flagellated cells used to move water

A

choanocytes (suspension feeding)

71
Q

Sponges are porous, allowing water to enter through

A

ostia (can filter up to 1500 liters

72
Q

Particles are collected at choanocytes, which absorb the particles through

A

phagocytosis

73
Q

Water enters the sponge through these pores

A

Ostia

74
Q

The inner cavity of the sponge

A

Spongocoel

75
Q

Move water along and collect food particles

A

Choanocytes

76
Q

Water exits the sponge

A

Osculum

77
Q

Cells called Spicules line the sponge, provides

A

rigidity and structure

78
Q

3 main designs of the sponge:

A
  1. Asconoid: simplest
  2. Syconoid: Slightly larger and more complex
  3. Leuconoid: Most complex
79
Q

Asconoid

A
  1. Simplest organization
  2. Singular spongocoel with choanocytes lined on either side
  3. Limited in size
80
Q

Syconoid

A
  1. Tubular shape like asconoid, but more complex
  2. Canal structure forms from “S” shaped edge of sponge
  3. More surface area = more places for choanocytes to collect food particles
81
Q

Leuconoid

A
  1. The most complex and uniquely shaped
  2. Tiny chambers lined with choanocytes
82
Q

Cnidaria family:

A
  1. True jellyfish
  2. Anemones
  3. Corals
  4. Hydras
83
Q

Ctenophora family:

A

Comb jellies

84
Q

All Cnidaria and Ctenophora are:

A
  1. Diploblastic
  2. Radial Symmetry
  3. Tissue Level Organization
85
Q

The most common cnidocytes are called

A

nematocyst

86
Q

Phylum named from cells called

A

cnidocytes

87
Q

The two stages dimorphism in cnidaria can exist in is

A

polyp and medusa

88
Q

Polyp

A

sessile (stationary)

89
Q

Medusa

A

free-swimming

90
Q

Food travels through radial canals into

A

ring canals

91
Q

Waste diffuses out or exists through the

A

mouth

92
Q

Predominantly located near the mouth and tentacles

A

Sensory cells

93
Q

“Nerve net” formed withs sensory and nerve sells that send signals across the jellyfish

A

Nerve Cells

94
Q

sense and nervous
control concentrated in the head
(anterior)

A

Cephalization

95
Q

Cephalization and bilateral
symmetry in almost all

A

triploblastic animals

96
Q

Body symmetry:

A
  1. Simplest animals with primary bilateral symmetry
  2. Triploblastic with well defined mesoderm
  3. Simple nervous, excretory, and osmoregulatory systems appear

Animal diversity (1 decks)

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