Exam 1

Question 1

What makes the hypothalamus so special? Why is it such a “boss”?

Answer 1

• acts as control center
• gives signal to the glands when they need to release/store hormone
• keeps body in a state of homeostasis
• determines if parasympathetic or sympathetic wins

Question 2

What hormones does the hypothalamus make and secret?

Answer 2

CRH makes…
- ACTH: adrenal cortex has 3 layers; zona glomerulosa (aldosterone: regulates sodium) zona fasiculata (cortisol: stress hormone) zona reticularis (androgens: stimulates masculinization)
GnRH makes…
- FSH: involves sperm/egg
- LH: involves estrogen/testosterone
TRH makes…
- TSH: helps in function of muscles/heart/gastro tract
Growth Hormone and Prolactin
Oxytocin and ADH

Question 3

What’s the primary difference in anterior v posterior pituitary tissue? How does this difference determine the function?

Answer 3

ANT: hormonal stimuli, makes/release hormones, vascular attached to hypothalamus, produces 6 different hormones to blood stream
POST: neural stimuli, doesn’t make hormones just stores/releases, goes through HH tract, 2 hormones released

Question 4

What hormones does the ANT. PIT. make/secret?

Answer 4

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH

Question 5

What hormones does POST. PIT. Store and release?

Answer 5

Oxytocin: Milk release in mamm. Glands, contractions in uterus
ADH: control water in blood through kidneys

Question 6

Where is the thyroid located and what hormones does it secrete?

Answer 6

Base of neck
T3/T4: regulate weight, energy levels, internal temp, skin, hair, nail growth

Question 7

How and in what ways is the thymus not the same as the thyroid?

Question 8

What’s the job of the thymus? What makes the thymus peculiar?

Answer 8

T Cell maturation

Question 9

Where is the pineal gland located? What hormones does it secrete?

Answer 9

Deep in middle of brain, third ventricle in the diencephalon
-melatonin: sleep cycle
-serotonin

Question 10

How is the adrenal medulla different from adrenal cortex? What’s the medulla responsible for?

Answer 10

The cortex controls endocrine so releases hormone steroids
The medulla controls fight or flight hormones, neuro/endocrine

Question 11

What’s the endocrine role of the pancreas?

Answer 11

Regulate blood and glucose levels,
- too much=hyperglycemic: beta cells secrete insulin
- too little=hypoglycemia: alpha cells secrete glucagon

Question 12

What’s the endocrine role of ovaries and testes?

Answer 12

Testis:
- seminiferous tubules: make sperm cells
- interstitial/leydig cells: makes testosterone
Ovaries:
- follicles: estrogen and house egg

Question 13

Where are the parathyroid glands and what does the hormone do?

Answer 13

2 small oval shaped glands being thyroid in bottom of your neck
- hormones helps increase amount of calcium in bloodstream

Question 14

Gluconeogensis v glycogenolysis

Answer 14

Glycogenolysis : bust opens the glycogen to free up glucose from the liver
Gluconeogensis: plan B, makes glucose from unusual places like amino acids/adipose tissue

Question 15

Amino acid v steroid hormone

Answer 15

Amino acid hormones aren’t able to pass through the plasma membrane because they are water soluble and act through a second messenger system
Steroid hormones are able to pass through because they are lipid soluble

Question 16

Describe the 3 ways that multiple hormones can interact at a target cell

Answer 16

Permissiveness: teamwork, 1st hormone “sets the stage” for 2nd
Ex: prolactin starts milk production in mammary glands first, then oxytocin acts for milk release
Synergism: multiple hormones act together for greater effect
Ex: Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol all cause the liver to release glucose.
Antagonism: 2 hormones with opposing actions
Ex: Insulin lowers blood glucose and glucagon raises it.

Question 17

Describe the three stimuli for hormone release and give an example.

Answer 17

A.Humoral Stimulus: Hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients in blood (corrects blood levels)
EX: PTH and calcitonin correcting calcium levels in the blood
B.Neural Stimulus: hormone release caused by neural input.
EX: sympathetic nervous system causing adrenaline release
C. Hormonal Stimulus: Hormone release caused by a tropic hormone (domino effect)
EX: Hypothalamus to ANT PIT to numerous glands

Question 18

Describe homeostasis. How does the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 18

Homeostasis - maintaining a steady state
ANS maintains homeostasis by coordinating blood pressure, digestion, secretion, and respiration and acts through parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
Endocrine system maintains homeostasis by releasing hormones and it’s a slower system.

Question 19

What is sympathetic tone? parasympathetic tone?

Answer 19

Sympathetic: active to cause vasoconstriction for blood pressure
Para: always a little active to keep heart rate lower and keep digestive n urinary active

Question 20

What are unique functions/superpowers of the sympathetic system?

Answer 20

-Adrenaline release from adrenal medulla
-Renin released from kidneys to increase blood pressure
-Boosts metabolism and increase energy use
-Thermoregulation through vasomotion
-Controls diameter of blood vessels

Question 21

What are the main differences between nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 21

The nervous system works quickly through a connected network of nerve tissue while the endocrine system usually works more slowly through chemical secretions from variously located glands throughout the body

Question 22

Mark eats a very big meal in the evening. After the meal his wife would like him to help clean up, but Mark explains that he is “too tired” and promptly goes to sleep. What seems to be his problem (physiologically)?

Answer 22

After his meal, the parasympathetic division of the ANS is triggered, making his body respond as “rest and digest.” Because the parasympathetic division was activated, his heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate decreased, his digestive system is activated, and his pupils constrict, make it ideal for a nap

Question 23

Describe a negative feedback system

Answer 23

Homeostasis is a negative feedback system mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, Therefore, negative feedback maintains body parameters within their normal range
EX: when the body uses too much insulin to produce energy the cells secrete glucagon and insulin to help maintain homeostasis and bring the negative range back to normal

Question 24

Describe the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system fibers (where do they start? What do they target? What neurotransmitters do they secrete?)

Answer 24

• Thoracolumbar output (thoracic or lumbar spinal cord origins)
• Short preganglionic/Long postganglionic
• More complex than para
• innervates more organs
• Preganglionic secretes ACh; postganglionic secretes NE (except sweat glands)
  Targets: eyes, salivary glands, lungs, heart, stomach, pancreas, liver & gall bladder, bladder, genitals, skin and adrenal gland

Question 25

Describe anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system fibers (where do they start? What do they target? What neurotransmitters do they secrete?)

Answer 25

Nerve fibers consist of the Cranial nerves (Primarily the Vagus nerve), and the sacral nerves
- Long pre-ganglionic neurons, short post-ganglionic neurons
tageted: glands and smooth muscle.
- Secrete Acetylcholine
- When stimulated help to increase digestive secretions and reduce the heartbeat

Question 26

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of

Answer 26

a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

Question 27

Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the …

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

Identify the stimulus for each hormone:
a. Testosterone
b. Parathyroid hormone
c. Adrenaline
d. Aldosterone
E. Prolactin
f. ADH

Answer 28

a. hormonal
b. humoral
c. neural
d. humoral, neural, and hormonal
e. hormonal
f. humoral and neural

Question 29

How are amino acid/peptide hormones and lipid hormones different in how they access a target cell?

Answer 29

Amino Acid hormones are not lipid-soluble which makes it so they can’t diffuse through the plasma membrane of cells, therefore, they act through a second messenger system
Lipid hormones are lipid-soluble so they pass through plasma membrane and act directly on the DNA.

Question 30

Look at chart

Answer 30

And the cycles for calcium/glucose

Question 31

What are the jobs of Aldosterone

Answer 31

Save/retain sodium in blood

Question 32

Discussion question: 5 differences between parasympathetic/sympathetic

Answer 32

PARA:
Rest/digest
Constrict pupils
Constricts bronch
Heart rate slows
Long pre ganglionic/short post ganglionic
SYMP:
Fight/flight
Dilates pupils
Relaxes bronchi
Heart rate goes up
Short pre/long post

Question 33

How does hypothalamus communicate differently to anterior v posterior

Answer 33

ANT:
Sends down releasing/inhibiting hormones, needs blood connection which is HPS, triggers release of the 6 hormones; example is GHRH to ANT PIT to GH
POST:
Sends down oxytocin/ADH through the neural connection, HH Tract, they get stored and later released when an action potential happens