Exam 1

Question 1

Nursing research

Answer 1

Systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomena of importance of nursing

nursing research includes all studies concern- ing nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing administration

Question 2

Clinical nursing research

Answer 2

Involves clients or studies that have the potential affect the care of clients, such as studies with patients or with so—called normal participants.

Question 3

____ is considered to be the most reliable source of knowledge.

Answer 3

The Scientific method

Question 4

Tradition

Answer 4

Tradition involved the handing down of knowledg from one generation to another and leads to actions that occur because “we’ve always done it that way.”

Question 5

Experts or Authority

Answer 5

Experts or authorities in a given field often provide knowledge for other people. In the past, nurses looked to their practice knowledge. It has only been fairly recently that nurses have begun to build a unique body of nursing knowledge.

Question 6

Trial and error

Answer 6

Nurses have also used trial and error as a means of discovering knowledge. If one approach did not work, another one was used. When a certain approach was found to be effective, the trial-and-error pro-
cess ceased. Frequently, the reasons behind the failure or success of a certain method were not determined. The goal was “if it works, we’ll use it.”

Question 7

The scientific data is based on what?

Answer 7

Empirical data

Question 8

Empirical data

Answer 8

Data gathered through the sense organs/ our senses. Information is gained in the form of data or facts that are obtained in an unbiased manner from some aspect of the real world.

Question 9

What are the similarities of scientific research and problem-solving approach?

Answer 9

Both processes involve identifying a problem area, establishing a plan, collecting data, and evaluating data.

Question 10

Basic research

Answer 10

Generating new knowledge

Basic research is conducted to develop, test, and refine theories and generate new knowledge

Question 11

Applied research

Answer 11

Using knoledge to solve immediate problems

It is often conducted to seek solutions to existing problem

majority of nursing studies have been examples of applied research that focus on addressing issues in nursing practice.

Question 12

Nurses receive the largest amount of government funding through _____

Answer 12

National Institute for Nursing Research. (NINR).

Question 13

What are the other sources of funding nursing research?

Answer 13

Private foundations
Corporations
Professional organizations (eg., Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing)

Question 14

What are the goals for conducting research?

Answer 14

To promote evidence-based nursing practice
To ensure the credibility of the nursing profession
To provide accountability for nursing practice
To document the cost-effectiveness of nursing care

Question 15

Evidence—based nursing practice (EBNP)

Answer 15

Means that nurses make clinical decisions based on the best research evidence, their clinical expertise, and the healthcare preferences of their patients.
The aim of EBNP is to provide the best possible care based on the best available research.

Question 16

Quantitative research

Answer 16

Concerned with objectifying, tight controls over the research situation, and the ability to generalize findings.
Typically designed to collect numerical data,

Question 17

Qualitative research

Answer 17

Is concerned with the subjective meaning of experiences to individuals.

research participants who are willing to share their information about a phenomenon in a narrative format

Question 18

Which research is a hard science?

Answer 18

Quantitative research

Question 19

Which research is considered soft science?

Answer 19

Qualitative research

Question 20

What are the difference btwn qualitative and quantitative research?

Answer 20

The difference between quantitative and qualitative research can be illustrated by considering patients who experience chronic pain. Quantitative research would be concerned with the level of pain that these people were experiencing and how to reduce it, whereas qualitative research would be concerned with what it means to be living with chronic pain.

Question 21

Nurses at a baccalaureate level

Answer 21

Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level should be able to understand and apply research findings from nursing and other disciplines in their clinical practice. They should be able to work with others to identify potential research problems and collaborate on research teams.

Question 22

Roles of nurses in research

Answer 22

1. Principal investigator
2. Member of a research team
3. Identifier of researchable problems
4. Evaluator of research findings
5. User of research findings
6. Patient/client advocate during studies
7. Subject/participant in studies

Question 23

The Goldmark Report

Answer 23

Began in 1923
Noon-nurses became involved in studying nurses and nursing.

Recommended the need for nurses to demonstrate greater professional competence by moving education from hospitals to university settings.

Question 24

Florence Nightingale

Answer 24

studied nursing care during the Crimean War. She called for research
that focused on nursing practice. Nightingale admonished (warn) nurses to develop the habit of making and recording observations systematically. She used statistics to clearly illustrate her findings.

Question 25

Lavinia Dock

Answer 25

Reported a school nurse experiment that was begun by Lillian Wald. Nurses gave free care to school children and visited the homes of sick children.

Question 26

Adelaide Nutting

Answer 26

Conducted a survey of educational status of nursing.

Question 27

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)

Answer 27

Support for clinical an basic research and research training on health and illness across the lifespan. Areas of research emphasis are: promoting health and preventing disease and disability, managing symptoms, and improving palliative and end-of- life care.

Question 28

The Cochrane Collaboration (CC)

Answer 28

Established in 1993
Is an international nonprofit organization of people with the goal of helpings healthcare providers, policy makers, patients and their advocates and caretakers to make evidence-informed decisions about healthcare.

Its goals are achieved through the preparation, updating, and promoting of systematic reviews based on research studies. These reviews are accessible online through the Cochrane Library portal. In the healthcare community, these reviews are generally considered to be the most comprehensive, reliable, and relevant sources of evidence on which to base healthcare decisions. Each review addresses a clearly formulated question, such as “Can antibiotics help in alleviating the symptoms of a sore throat?”

accessible health information that is free from commercial sponsorship and other conflicts of interest.

Question 29

Research utilization

Answer 29

Focuses on the implementation of findings from specific research findings. The goal of research utilization is to see that the findings of research studies are actually put into action in nursing practice. EBNP is broader and involves searching for the best evi- dence to use in nursing practice, which includes searching for the best research evidence available.

Question 30

Archie Cochrane

Answer 30

Most people credit the beginning of the movement toward evidence-based practice to Archie Cochrane (1909–1988), a British medical researcher and epidemiologist

Question 31

PICOT

Answer 31

Is a format for writing clinical questions and follow a systematic literature review to discover the available research evidence.
P = Patient or population
I = Intervention or interest area
C = Comparison intervention or current practice
O = Outcome(s) desired
T = Time to achieve outcome (optional)

The following PICOT format was established to assess adults with chronic kidney dis-
ease, questioning how attending an exercise program compared to attending no exercise program affects participation in regular exercise within three months (Hain & Kear, 2015, p. 13). The population (P) was “adults with chronic kidney disease.” The intervention of interest (I) was “exercise program.” The com-
parison intervention (C) was “no exercise program.” The outcome (O) was “affect participation in regular exercise.” Finally, the time (T) was “within three months.” After the clinical question is created, a search of the relevant research-based literature that addresses the clinical issue and patient care question happens.

Question 32

Systematic review

Answer 32

Also called an integrative review, is rigorous (extremely thorough) scientific approach that combines results from a group of original research studies and looks at the studies as a WHOLE. While focusing on a single area of interest, a systematic review may provide a summary of many studies at once.
Interventions for Preventing Falls in Older People Living in the Community is an example of a systematic review that might be of interest to nurses (Gillespie etal., 2012). The results of this review identified which interventions helped to reduce falls among older people in the community. The investigators looked at 159 clinical trials with a total of 79,193 participants. They found that group and home-based exercise programs that included balance and strength training exercises effectively reduced falls.

Question 33

The National Quality Strategy (NQS)

Answer 33

The NQS served as a vehicle to focus nationwide attention on quality improvement efforts and a common approach to measureiing quality healthcare.
The aims of the strategy were to improve the overall quality of healthcare, to support interventions that aided in improving health, and to reduce the cost of quality healthcare. The priorities were:
(a) to reduce the harm caused in the delivery of care; (b) to ensure that each person and family engaged as partners in their care;
(c) to promote communication and coordination of care;
(d) to promote the most effective prevention and treatment practices for the leading causes of mortality;
(e) to work with communities to promote wide use of best healthcare practices to enable healthy living, and
(f) to make quality care more affordable.

Question 34

Joanna Briggs Institute

Answer 34

Is an international not-for-profit collaboration involving nusirnign, medical, and allied health researchers; clinicians; academics and quality managers. To promote and support the improvement of healthcare outcomes globally by identifying effective healthcare practices through the synthesis of research findings.

Question 35

The ACE center for Advancing Clinical Excellence

Answer 35

The purpose of the center is to advance evidence nurse practice, research, and education

Ultimately the goal is to translate research-based findings into clinical actions that will improve healthcare through the evalua-tion of the impact that an evidence-based practice (EBP) has on patient health outcomes, satisfaction, efficacy and efficiency of care, and health policy

Question 36

Nuremberg Code

Answer 36

The 1947 Nuremberg Code resulted from the revelations of unethical human behavior that occurred during the war (Nuremberg Military Tribunals, 1949). This code seeks to ensure that several criteria for research are met, including the following:
1. Potential subjects must be informed about the study.
2. The research must be for the good of society.
3. Animal research should precede research on humans, if possible.
4. An attempt must be made by the researcher to avoid injury to research subjects.
5. The researcher must be qualiied to conduct research.
6. Subjects or the researcher can stop the study if problems occur.

Question 37

What are the three basic principles related to research subjects?

Answer 37

1. Respect for Persons. Research subjects should have autonomy and self-determination.
2. Beneicence. Research subjects should be protected from harm.
3. Justice. Research subjects should receive fair treatment.

Question 38

Institutional Review Boards

Answer 38

Is an administrative body that is established to review and approve research that is intended to study human subjects under the auspices (help/support) of the institution with which the board is affiliated.

IRB approval is a necessity for investigators who wish to do research with human subjects.

Question 39

Informed consent

Answer 39

Concerns a participant’s participation in research in which they have a full understanding of the study before the study begins.
1. A statement that the study involves research with an explanation of the purposes of the research,
adescription of the procedures to be implemented, and the duration of the participant’s activities

2. A description of any foreseeable risks or discomforts
3. A description of any beneits to the subject or to others
4. A disclosure of appropriate alternative procedures that might help the participant, in the case of astudy with therapeutic interventions
5. A statement describing how conidentiality of the participant’s records will be maintained
6. An explanation of how unforeseeable injuries will be handled 7. An explanation of whom to contact for answers to questions relevant to the study
7. A statement that participation is voluntary and that refusal to participate or the prerogative to with-
   draw from the study will be assured without negative consequences at any time.

Question 40

Debriefing

Answer 40

involves a meeting with research participants that ensures their understanding of the reasons and justification for the procedures that were used in the study.

Question 41

Critiquing the ethical aspects of a study

Answer 41

Much of this information would be repeated in each study report that is published. However, the reader of a research report may be able to determine the ethical nature of the study. For example, if the report states that permission to conduct the study was obtained from an IRB, the subjects’ rights were likely protected. Also, if the study has been federally funded, there is some assurance that the researcher had to provide evidence of protection of subjects’ rights before funds were awarded.

1. Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB)? 2. Was informed consent obtained from the subjects? 3. Is there information about provisions for anonymity or confidentiality? 4. Were vulnerable subjects used? 5. Does it appear that subjects might have been coerced into acting as subjects? 6. Is it evident that the benefits of participation in the study outweighed the risks involved? 7. Were subjects provided the opportunity to ask questions about the study and told how to contact
   the researcher if other questions arose? 8. Were the subjects told how they could obtain the results of the study?

Question 42

The Sarah Cole Hirsh Institute (SCHI)

Answer 42

The SCHI conducts evidence syntheses, provides consulting services on evidence-based practice across healthcare settings, and offers certificate programs to educate nurses on the best practice based on evidence.