Exam 1

Question 1

What is the hypothesized reason for a brain?

Answer 1

Motility. The brain uses a ton of energy to be able to perceive and facilitate movement.

Question 2

Cellular Anatomy vs Gross Anatomy

Answer 2

Cellular focuses on micro. Gross focuses on macro.

Question 3

Glia

Answer 3

Support neurons by holding Nervous System together in the form of nutrients and protection. Require a lot of energy (10:1 neurons to glia)

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Houses DNA

Question 5

Central Dogma of Biology

Answer 5

DNA is transcribed to RNA, RNA is translated to Proteins in the ribosomes

Question 6

DNA

Answer 6

What genes are made of. All nuclei in your body contain same DNA, just differ in gene expression

Question 7

Dendrites

Answer 7

Receive information. Has spines to increase surface area

Question 8

Soma

Answer 8

Integrates information from dendrites and houses nucleus

Question 9

Axon Hillock (Initial Segment)

Answer 9

The funnel between the soma and the axon which generates the action potential

Question 10

Axon

Answer 10

The nerve fiber that sends signals unidirectionally and away from the soma.

Question 11

Axon Terminals

Answer 11

Contacts dendrites and somas of other neurons which converts electrical to chemical information

Question 12

What do axon terminals contact?

Answer 12

Other neurons in the brain, other cell types outside the brain

Question 13

Synapse

Answer 13

Connection between axon terminal and next neuron (gap where chemical signaling occurs)

Question 14

Presynaptic Membrane

Answer 14

From axon terminal, it releases chemical signals called neurotransmitters

Question 15

Postsynaptic Membrane

Answer 15

On target cell, it detects and receives messages in form of neurotransmitters

Question 16

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 16

The physical distance between axon terminal and receptors that chemicals need to travel

Question 17

How do neurotransmitters travel via

Answer 17

Vesicles

Question 18

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Answer 18

Supported that cell theory extended to neurons and believed in synapses through the Neuron Doctrine

Question 19

Camile Golgi

Answer 19

Thought that neurons were a network (Reticulum Theory). But made staining possible to view neurons

Question 20

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 20

In CNS, they create fatty sheath called myelin which surround axons

Question 21

Schwann Cells

Answer 21

In PNS, they create myelin

Question 22

What is the point of myelin?

Answer 22

They insulate axon and causes conduction for an action potential to occur quicker and more efficiently

Question 23

Astrocytes

Answer 23

Star shaped cells that contact neurons. Their arms connect to capillaries and act as the blood-brain barrier. Convey vital nutrients from blood to neurons

Question 24

Microglia

Answer 24

In CNS, there is no immune system. They scavenge for pathogens and debris and have a resting and reactive state.

Question 25

Resting State of Microglia

Answer 25

They remain still while branches move and survey

Question 26

Reactive State of Microglia

Answer 26

When threatened, they change shape to engulf debris

Question 27

4 types of Glia

Answer 27

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells, Astrocytes, Microglia