exam 1 Flashcards
extension
increases joint angle
flexion
decreases joint angle
hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
rotation
movement around a central axis
pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
supination
rotation of the forearm that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly
opposition
movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip
protraction
movement of a body part anteriorly
retraction
movement of a body part posteriorly
elevation
movement of a body part superiorly
depression
movement of a body part inferiorly
eversion
movement of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces outwards (away from the midline)
inversion
movement of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces inwards (towards midline)
planterflexion
movement of the foot so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly (point)
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly (flex)
circumduction
movement of a limb so that its distal end makes a circular motion while its proximal end remains stationary
median sagittal plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
coronal plane
divides the body into front and back halves
parasagittal plane
divides the body into unequal right and left halves
transverse plane
divides the body into upper and lower parts
superior/coronal
towards the head
inferior/caudal
away from the head
anterior/ventral
towards the front of the body
posterior/dorsal
towards the back of the body
medial
toward the midline of the body
lateral
away from the midline of the body
proximal
closer to the point of attachment
distal
away from the point of attachment
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
plantar
sole of the foot
superficial/extern
closer to the surface
deep/internal
away from the body surface; more internal
axial skeleton
portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton
condyle
rounded projection
facet
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
crest
narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
epicondyle
raised area on or above a condyle
line
narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
process
prominent projection on a bone
protruberance
a bony outgrowth or protruding part
spine
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
trochanter
large, rough projection
tubercle
small rounded projection
tuberosity
large rounded projection; may be roughened
alveolar process
a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth
fossa
shallow depression
fovea
tiny pit or depression
sulcus
narrow groove, normally in brain
canal
a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
fissure
an opening; a groove; a split in a bone
foramen
hole in a bone
meatus
canal-like passageway
sinus
hollow space in a bone
synergists
assists with movement
antagonists
muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
orgin
attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
insertion
site where muscle attaches to the moveable bone
aponeurosis
a broad, flat tendon
extensor
muscle that straightens a joints
flexor
muscle that serves to bend a limb
abductor
muscle that moves a body part away from the midline
adductor
muscle that moves a body part toward the midline
ligaments
connect bone to bone
tendon
connects muscle to bone
suture
interlocking line of union between bones
syndesmosis
a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers
gomphosis
a type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus
synchondrosis
an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae
symphysis
a type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints
joint capsule
fibrous sac that encloses a joint
capsular ligament
thickened part of fibrous layer
synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
articular disc
forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule
hinge joint
joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane
saddle joint
type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
condyloid joint
synovial joint that does everything except rotating
ball and socket joint
shoulder and hip
plane/gliding joint
joint permits gliding movement
pivot joint
allows for rotation around the length of the bone and only allows for rotation
atlas
first cervical vertebra
transverse forament
only found in the cervical vertebrae and allows for passage of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve
superior and inferior articular facets
allow vertebrae to stack on top of one another
anterior and posterior tubercles
slight medial protuberances on each arch of the atlas
anterior and posterior arch
helps balance and support skull
atlantooccipital joint
the joint between the occipital bone and atlas
axis
C2
dens
protuberance of the axis
lamina
part of the vertebral arch
pedicles
form the sides of the vertebral arch
neural arch
the curved rear (dorsal) section of a vertebra, enclosing the canal through which the spinal cord passes
vertebral foramen
canal through which the spinal cord passes
transverse process
two lateral projection from the vertebral arch
bifid spinous process
only on cervical vertebrae
superior and inferior articular processes
paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae
intervertebral foramen
opening located between adjacent vertebrae for exit of a spinal nerve
nucleus pulposus
soft, fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertebral disk
annulus fibrosus
composed of fibrocartilage, it is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc
costal facets
part of the thoracic vertebrae that are articular surfaces for the tubercles of the ribs
costotransverse facets
located on the transverse processes on T1-10
ala
upper part of the lateral sacrum
transverse ridges of sacrum
lines of fusion of the sacral vertebrae
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
sacral horns
small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes of the sacrum
sacral canal
continuation of the vertebral canal
sacral hiatus
inferior opening of the sacral canal
sacroiliac joint
connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
auricular surface
region on the ilium for articulation with the sacrum
coccyx
tailbone
kyphosis
hunchback, thoracic and sacral regions
lordosis
swayback, cervical and lumbar
supraspinous ligament
connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
ligamentum nuchae
an elastic ligament that connects the vertebrae of the neck to the skull
anterior longitudinal ligament
connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies
posterior longitudinal ligament
connects all the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
ligamenum flavum
connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
interspinous ligament
connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
epiphysis
end of a long bone
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
ossification
process of bone formation
sternoclavicular joint
articulation between the clavicle and the sternum
interclavicular ligament
interconnects the clavicles
costoclavicular ligament
band of connective tissue that unites the medial clavicle with the first rib
deltoid tubercle
site of orgin of anterior deltoid
conoid tubercle
prominence on inferior surface of the lateral end of the clavicle
glenoid cavity
socket in the scapula that receives the head of the humerus
supraglenoid tubercle
prominence superior to the glenoid cavity
infraglenoid tubercle
prominence inferior to the glenoid cavity
coracoid process
process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment
suprascapular notch
serves as a nerve passageway
infraspinous fossa
orgin of infraspinatus ligament
subscapular fossa
anterior surface of scapula
ilium
hip bone
ischium
the lower, posterior portion of the pelvis
pubis
medial, anterior portion of the pelvis
acetabulum
hip socket
obturator foramen
opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami
ischiopubic ramus
narrow extension of bone that connects the ischial tuberosity to the pubic body; formed by the junction of the ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus
ischial tuberosity
receives the weight of the body when sitting
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which the two pubic bones fuse together
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the central nervous system
spinal cord
nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain
cervical enlargement
supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs
lumbar enlargement
nerves of pelvis and lower limbs
conus medullaris
end of spinal cord
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
epidural space
space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal
dura matter
outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid matter
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
subarachnoid space
space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia matter that contains the cerebrospinal fluid
pia matter
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
cerebrospinal fluid
the fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord
choroid plexus
produces CSF
lumbar puncture
procedure to test spinal fluid, done between L4-L5
lumbar cistern
subarachnoid space inferior to medullary cone that contains cauda equina and CSf
laminectomy
the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion of the vertebra
filum terminale
fibrous extension of the pia matter; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
gray matter
unmyelinated
white matter
myelinated
dorsal rootlets
sensory
ventral rootlets
motor
ventral root
contains axons of motor neurons
dorsal root
the sensory branch of each spinal nerve
spinal nerve
a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
dorsal ramus
the division of posterior spinal nerves that transmit motor impulses to the posterior trunk muscles and relay sensory impulses from the skin of the back
ventral ramus
anterior division of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscles and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk
dorsal root ganglion
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
cervical plexus
C1-C5
brachial plexus
C5-T1
lumbar plexus
L1-L4
sacral plexus
L4-S4
prosencephalon (forebrain)
cerebrum and diencephalon
cerebral hemisphere
right and left halves of the cerebrum
frontal lobe
region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
parietal lobe
region of the cerebral cortex whose function includes processing information about touch
temporal lobe
region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language
occipital lobe
vision
cerebral cortex
intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center
gyri
ridges of the brain
sulci
shallow grooves
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
postcentral gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
lateral sulcus
separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
longitudional fissure
separates cerebral hemispheres
corpus collosum
large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
thalmus
sensory perception and regulation of motor functions
hypothalmus
brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature
pituitary gland (hypophysis)
secretes growth and reproduction hormones, also neurotransmitters
infundibulum
attaches pituitary gland to hypothalamus
mesensephalon
cerebral aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata
part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion
pons
a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
cerebellum
large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system
lateral ventricle
one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon
interventricular foramen
connections lateral ventricles to third ventricles
third ventricle
the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon
central canal
tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata
superior sagittal sinus
venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres
olfactory 1
sensory, smell
optic 2
sensory, vision
oculomotor 3
motor, eye movement
trochlear 4
motor, eye movement
trigeminal 5
both, chewing and face/neck sensation
abducens 6
motor, eye movement
facial 7
both, facial expression and sensation, taste
vestibulocochlear 8
sensory, hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal 9
both, taste and gag reflux
vagus 10
both, gag reflux, parasympathetic innervation
accessory 11
motor, fibers to neck and upper back
hypoglossal 12
motor, tongue movement
trapezius muscle
origin- occipital bone of the skull, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of all thoracic vertebrae
insertion- spine, and acromion of the scapula, part of the clavicle
function- fixes, rotates, and elevates the scapula, extends the head
innervation- accessory nerve
latissimus dorsi
origin- iliac crest, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
insertion- intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
function- adducts, extends and medially rotates the arm
innervation- thoracodorsal nerve
rhomboid major
origin- spinous processes of T2-T5
insertion- medial border of scapula, from the spine to the inferior angle
function- retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula
innervation- dorsal scapular nerve
rhomboid minor
origin- spinous process of T1
insertion- medial border of scapula, from the superior angle to the spine
insertion- retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula
innervation- dorsal scapular nerve
levator scapulae
origin- transverse process of C1-C4
insertion- superior angle and medial border of the scapula
function- elevates the scapula and laterally flexes the neck
innervation- dorsal scapular nerve
serratus posterior inferior
origin- spinous processes of T11 to L3, supraspinous ligament
insertion- lower border of ribs 9-12
function- depresses ribs 9-12
innervation- ventral rami of spinal nerves
serratus posterior superior
origin- spinous processes of C7-T3, lower ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous ligament
insertion- upper border of ribs 2-5
function- elevates ribs 2-5
innervation- ventral rami of spinal nerves
splenius capitis
origin- spines of T1-T6 and lower part of ligamentum nuchae
insertion- lateral aspect of the mastoid process and lateral part of the superior nuchal line
function- laterally flexes, rotates, and extends the head
innervation- dorsal ramus of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves
splenius cervicis
origin- spines of T1-T6 and lower part of ligamentum nuchae
insertion- transverse processes of C1-C4
function- laterally flexes, rotates and extends the neck
innervation- dorsal ramus of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves
iliocostalis
origin- sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, and the iliac crest
insertion- transverse processes of L1-L3, posterior surface of the ribs, transverse processes of lower cervical vertebrae
function- extends and laterally flexes the spine
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves
longissimus
origin- sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, and iliac crest
insertion- lower nine ribs, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and the mastoid process of the skull
function- extends and laterally flexes the spine, extends and rotates the head
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves
spinalis
origin- spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae between L2-T2
function- extends the vertebral column
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves
semispinalis capitis
origin- transverse processes of T1-T6
insertion- medial part of occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines
function- rotates and extends the head and neck
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves
semispinalis cervicis
origin- transverse processes of upper 5-6 thoracic vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of C2-C5
function- rotates and extends vertebral column of trunk
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves
multifidus
origin- sacrum, lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, and articular processes of lower cervical vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of vertebrae L5-C2
function- extends and rotates the vertebral column
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves
rotatores
origin- transverse processes of vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of superior vertebrae
function- extends and rotates the vertebral column
innervation- dorsal ramus of the spinal nerves
levatores costarum
origin- transverse processes of C7-T11
insertion- the rib inferior to each vertebrae of origin near tubercle
function- elevates the rib
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
rectus capitis posterior major
origin- spinous process of axis
insertion- lateral portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
function- extends the head and rotates the head to the same side
innervation- suboccipital nerve
rectus capitis posterior minor
origin- posterior tubercle of atlas
insertion- medial portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
function- extends the head
innervation- suboccipital nerve
superior oblique
origin- transverse process of atlas
insertion- occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines
function- extends the head and laterally flexes head
innervation- suboccipital nerve
inferior oblique
origin- spinous process of axis
insertion- transverse process of atlas
function- rotates the head to face the same side
innervation- suboccipital nerve
