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biology 241 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

extension

A

increases joint angle

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2
Q

flexion

A

decreases joint angle

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3
Q

hyperextension

A

extension beyond anatomical position

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4
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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5
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

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6
Q

rotation

A

movement around a central axis

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7
Q

pronation

A

rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

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8
Q

supination

A

rotation of the forearm that the palm of the hand faces anteriorly

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9
Q

opposition

A

movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip

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10
Q

protraction

A

movement of a body part anteriorly

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11
Q

retraction

A

movement of a body part posteriorly

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12
Q

elevation

A

movement of a body part superiorly

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13
Q

depression

A

movement of a body part inferiorly

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14
Q

eversion

A

movement of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces outwards (away from the midline)

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15
Q

inversion

A

movement of the ankle so the sole of the foot faces inwards (towards midline)

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16
Q

planterflexion

A

movement of the foot so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly (point)

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17
Q

dorsiflexion

A

movement of the foot so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly (flex)

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18
Q

circumduction

A

movement of a limb so that its distal end makes a circular motion while its proximal end remains stationary

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19
Q

median sagittal plane

A

divides the body into equal left and right halves

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20
Q

coronal plane

A

divides the body into front and back halves

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21
Q

parasagittal plane

A

divides the body into unequal right and left halves

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22
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into upper and lower parts

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23
Q

superior/coronal

A

towards the head

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24
Q

inferior/caudal

A

away from the head

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25
Q

anterior/ventral

A

towards the front of the body

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26
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

towards the back of the body

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27
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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28
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body

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29
Q

proximal

A

closer to the point of attachment

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30
Q

distal

A

away from the point of attachment

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31
Q

palmar

A

pertaining to the palm of the hand

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32
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

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33
Q

superficial/extern

A

closer to the surface

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34
Q

deep/internal

A

away from the body surface; more internal

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35
Q

axial skeleton

A

portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

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36
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

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37
Q

condyle

A

rounded projection

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38
Q

facet

A

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

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39
Q

head

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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40
Q

crest

A

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

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41
Q

epicondyle

A

raised area on or above a condyle

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42
Q

line

A

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

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43
Q

process

A

prominent projection on a bone

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44
Q

protruberance

A

a bony outgrowth or protruding part

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45
Q

spine

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

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46
Q

trochanter

A

large, rough projection

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47
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded projection

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48
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded projection; may be roughened

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49
Q

alveolar process

A

a ridge that forms the borders of the upper and lower jaws and contains the sockets of the teeth

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50
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression

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51
Q

fovea

A

tiny pit or depression

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52
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove, normally in brain

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53
Q

canal

A

a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

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54
Q

fissure

A

an opening; a groove; a split in a bone

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55
Q

foramen

A

hole in a bone

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56
Q

meatus

A

canal-like passageway

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57
Q

sinus

A

hollow space in a bone

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58
Q

synergists

A

assists with movement

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59
Q

antagonists

A

muscles that oppose or reverse a movement

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60
Q

orgin

A

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

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61
Q

insertion

A

site where muscle attaches to the moveable bone

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62
Q

aponeurosis

A

a broad, flat tendon

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63
Q

extensor

A

muscle that straightens a joints

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64
Q

flexor

A

muscle that serves to bend a limb

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65
Q

abductor

A

muscle that moves a body part away from the midline

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66
Q

adductor

A

muscle that moves a body part toward the midline

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67
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

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68
Q

tendon

A

connects muscle to bone

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69
Q

suture

A

interlocking line of union between bones

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70
Q

syndesmosis

A

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers

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71
Q

gomphosis

A

a type of fibrous joint such as a tooth into the alveolus

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72
Q

synchondrosis

A

an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae

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73
Q

symphysis

A

a type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection

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74
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints

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75
Q

joint capsule

A

fibrous sac that encloses a joint

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76
Q

capsular ligament

A

thickened part of fibrous layer

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77
Q

synovial membrane

A

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

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78
Q

bursa

A

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

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79
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

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80
Q

articular disc

A

forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule

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81
Q

hinge joint

A

joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

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82
Q

saddle joint

A

type of joint found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

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83
Q

condyloid joint

A

synovial joint that does everything except rotating

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84
Q

ball and socket joint

A

shoulder and hip

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85
Q

plane/gliding joint

A

joint permits gliding movement

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86
Q

pivot joint

A

allows for rotation around the length of the bone and only allows for rotation

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87
Q

atlas

A

first cervical vertebra

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88
Q

transverse forament

A

only found in the cervical vertebrae and allows for passage of the vertebral artery, vein, and nerve

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89
Q

superior and inferior articular facets

A

allow vertebrae to stack on top of one another

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90
Q

anterior and posterior tubercles

A

slight medial protuberances on each arch of the atlas

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91
Q

anterior and posterior arch

A

helps balance and support skull

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92
Q

atlantooccipital joint

A

the joint between the occipital bone and atlas

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93
Q

axis

A

C2

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94
Q

dens

A

protuberance of the axis

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95
Q

lamina

A

part of the vertebral arch

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96
Q

pedicles

A

form the sides of the vertebral arch

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97
Q

neural arch

A

the curved rear (dorsal) section of a vertebra, enclosing the canal through which the spinal cord passes

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98
Q

vertebral foramen

A

canal through which the spinal cord passes

99
Q

transverse process

A

two lateral projection from the vertebral arch

100
Q

bifid spinous process

A

only on cervical vertebrae

101
Q

superior and inferior articular processes

A

paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

102
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

opening located between adjacent vertebrae for exit of a spinal nerve

103
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

soft, fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertebral disk

104
Q

annulus fibrosus

A

composed of fibrocartilage, it is the outer portion of the intervertebral disc

105
Q

costal facets

A

part of the thoracic vertebrae that are articular surfaces for the tubercles of the ribs

106
Q

costotransverse facets

A

located on the transverse processes on T1-10

107
Q

ala

A

upper part of the lateral sacrum

108
Q

transverse ridges of sacrum

A

lines of fusion of the sacral vertebrae

109
Q

spinous process

A

sharp, slender projection

110
Q

sacral horns

A

small tubercles that represent the inferior articular processes of the sacrum

111
Q

sacral canal

A

continuation of the vertebral canal

112
Q

sacral hiatus

A

inferior opening of the sacral canal

113
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

114
Q

auricular surface

A

region on the ilium for articulation with the sacrum

115
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

116
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback, thoracic and sacral regions

117
Q

lordosis

A

swayback, cervical and lumbar

118
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)

119
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

an elastic ligament that connects the vertebrae of the neck to the skull

120
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects anterior surfaces of adjacent vertebral bodies

121
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

connects all the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

122
Q

ligamenum flavum

A

connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

123
Q

interspinous ligament

A

connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

124
Q

epiphysis

A

end of a long bone

125
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

126
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

127
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

128
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A

articulation between the clavicle and the sternum

129
Q

interclavicular ligament

A

interconnects the clavicles

130
Q

costoclavicular ligament

A

band of connective tissue that unites the medial clavicle with the first rib

131
Q

deltoid tubercle

A

site of orgin of anterior deltoid

132
Q

conoid tubercle

A

prominence on inferior surface of the lateral end of the clavicle

133
Q

glenoid cavity

A

socket in the scapula that receives the head of the humerus

134
Q

supraglenoid tubercle

A

prominence superior to the glenoid cavity

135
Q

infraglenoid tubercle

A

prominence inferior to the glenoid cavity

136
Q

coracoid process

A

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

137
Q

suprascapular notch

A

serves as a nerve passageway

138
Q

infraspinous fossa

A

orgin of infraspinatus ligament

139
Q

subscapular fossa

A

anterior surface of scapula

140
Q

ilium

A

hip bone

141
Q

ischium

A

the lower, posterior portion of the pelvis

142
Q

pubis

A

medial, anterior portion of the pelvis

143
Q

acetabulum

A

hip socket

144
Q

obturator foramen

A

opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

145
Q

ischiopubic ramus

A

narrow extension of bone that connects the ischial tuberosity to the pubic body; formed by the junction of the ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus

146
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

receives the weight of the body when sitting

147
Q

pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint at which the two pubic bones fuse together

148
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

149
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the central nervous system

150
Q

spinal cord

A

nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain

151
Q

cervical enlargement

A

supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs

152
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

153
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of spinal cord

154
Q

meninges

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

155
Q

epidural space

A

space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal

156
Q

dura matter

A

outermost layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

157
Q

arachnoid matter

A

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

158
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia matter that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

159
Q

pia matter

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

160
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

the fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord

161
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

162
Q

lumbar puncture

A

procedure to test spinal fluid, done between L4-L5

163
Q

lumbar cistern

A

subarachnoid space inferior to medullary cone that contains cauda equina and CSf

164
Q

laminectomy

A

the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion of the vertebra

165
Q

filum terminale

A

fibrous extension of the pia matter; anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx

166
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

167
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated

168
Q

white matter

A

myelinated

169
Q

dorsal rootlets

A

sensory

170
Q

ventral rootlets

A

motor

171
Q

ventral root

A

contains axons of motor neurons

172
Q

dorsal root

A

the sensory branch of each spinal nerve

173
Q

spinal nerve

A

a peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord

174
Q

dorsal ramus

A

the division of posterior spinal nerves that transmit motor impulses to the posterior trunk muscles and relay sensory impulses from the skin of the back

175
Q

ventral ramus

A

anterior division of spinal nerves that communicate with the muscles and skin of the anterior and lateral trunk

176
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

177
Q

cervical plexus

A

C1-C5

178
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

179
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4

180
Q

sacral plexus

A

L4-S4

181
Q

prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

182
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

right and left halves of the cerebrum

183
Q

frontal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

184
Q

parietal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex whose function includes processing information about touch

185
Q

temporal lobe

A

region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language

186
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

187
Q

cerebral cortex

A

intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

188
Q

gyri

A

ridges of the brain

189
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

190
Q

precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

191
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

192
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

193
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes

194
Q

longitudional fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

195
Q

corpus collosum

A

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

196
Q

thalmus

A

sensory perception and regulation of motor functions

197
Q

hypothalmus

A

brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature

198
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

secretes growth and reproduction hormones, also neurotransmitters

199
Q

infundibulum

A

attaches pituitary gland to hypothalamus

200
Q

mesensephalon

A
201
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third and fourth ventricles

202
Q

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

203
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion

204
Q

pons

A

a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

205
Q

cerebellum

A

large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

206
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system

207
Q

lateral ventricle

A

one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

208
Q

interventricular foramen

A

connections lateral ventricles to third ventricles

209
Q

third ventricle

A

the ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon

210
Q

central canal

A

tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata

211
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres

212
Q

olfactory 1

A

sensory, smell

213
Q

optic 2

A

sensory, vision

214
Q

oculomotor 3

A

motor, eye movement

215
Q

trochlear 4

A

motor, eye movement

216
Q

trigeminal 5

A

both, chewing and face/neck sensation

217
Q

abducens 6

A

motor, eye movement

218
Q

facial 7

A

both, facial expression and sensation, taste

219
Q

vestibulocochlear 8

A

sensory, hearing and balance

220
Q

glossopharyngeal 9

A

both, taste and gag reflux

221
Q

vagus 10

A

both, gag reflux, parasympathetic innervation

222
Q

accessory 11

A

motor, fibers to neck and upper back

223
Q

hypoglossal 12

A

motor, tongue movement

224
Q

trapezius muscle

A

origin- occipital bone of the skull, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of all thoracic vertebrae
insertion- spine, and acromion of the scapula, part of the clavicle
function- fixes, rotates, and elevates the scapula, extends the head
innervation- accessory nerve

225
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

origin- iliac crest, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
insertion- intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
function- adducts, extends and medially rotates the arm
innervation- thoracodorsal nerve

226
Q

rhomboid major

A

origin- spinous processes of T2-T5
insertion- medial border of scapula, from the spine to the inferior angle
function- retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula
innervation- dorsal scapular nerve

227
Q

rhomboid minor

A

origin- spinous process of T1
insertion- medial border of scapula, from the superior angle to the spine
insertion- retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula
innervation- dorsal scapular nerve

228
Q

levator scapulae

A

origin- transverse process of C1-C4
insertion- superior angle and medial border of the scapula
function- elevates the scapula and laterally flexes the neck
innervation- dorsal scapular nerve

229
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A

origin- spinous processes of T11 to L3, supraspinous ligament
insertion- lower border of ribs 9-12
function- depresses ribs 9-12
innervation- ventral rami of spinal nerves

230
Q

serratus posterior superior

A

origin- spinous processes of C7-T3, lower ligamentum nuchae, supraspinous ligament
insertion- upper border of ribs 2-5
function- elevates ribs 2-5
innervation- ventral rami of spinal nerves

231
Q

splenius capitis

A

origin- spines of T1-T6 and lower part of ligamentum nuchae
insertion- lateral aspect of the mastoid process and lateral part of the superior nuchal line
function- laterally flexes, rotates, and extends the head
innervation- dorsal ramus of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves

232
Q

splenius cervicis

A

origin- spines of T1-T6 and lower part of ligamentum nuchae
insertion- transverse processes of C1-C4
function- laterally flexes, rotates and extends the neck
innervation- dorsal ramus of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves

233
Q

iliocostalis

A

origin- sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, and the iliac crest
insertion- transverse processes of L1-L3, posterior surface of the ribs, transverse processes of lower cervical vertebrae
function- extends and laterally flexes the spine
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves

234
Q

longissimus

A

origin- sacrum, spinous processes of lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, and iliac crest
insertion- lower nine ribs, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, and the mastoid process of the skull
function- extends and laterally flexes the spine, extends and rotates the head
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves

235
Q

spinalis

A

origin- spinous processes of upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae between L2-T2
function- extends the vertebral column
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves

236
Q

semispinalis capitis

A

origin- transverse processes of T1-T6
insertion- medial part of occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines
function- rotates and extends the head and neck
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves

237
Q

semispinalis cervicis

A

origin- transverse processes of upper 5-6 thoracic vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of C2-C5
function- rotates and extends vertebral column of trunk
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves

238
Q

multifidus

A

origin- sacrum, lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, and articular processes of lower cervical vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of vertebrae L5-C2
function- extends and rotates the vertebral column
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerves

239
Q

rotatores

A

origin- transverse processes of vertebrae
insertion- spinous processes of superior vertebrae
function- extends and rotates the vertebral column
innervation- dorsal ramus of the spinal nerves

240
Q

levatores costarum

A

origin- transverse processes of C7-T11
insertion- the rib inferior to each vertebrae of origin near tubercle
function- elevates the rib
innervation- dorsal ramus of spinal nerve

241
Q

rectus capitis posterior major

A

origin- spinous process of axis
insertion- lateral portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
function- extends the head and rotates the head to the same side
innervation- suboccipital nerve

242
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor

A

origin- posterior tubercle of atlas
insertion- medial portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line
function- extends the head
innervation- suboccipital nerve

243
Q

superior oblique

A

origin- transverse process of atlas
insertion- occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines
function- extends the head and laterally flexes head
innervation- suboccipital nerve

244
Q

inferior oblique

A

origin- spinous process of axis
insertion- transverse process of atlas
function- rotates the head to face the same side
innervation- suboccipital nerve

biology 241 (1 decks)

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