Exam 1

Question 1

Nutrition therapy for optimal soft tissue and bone healing:

Answer 1

Increase protein 1 gram /kg of body weight
Increase vitamins B, C and D
Increase fiber
Increase calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
Increase fluid to 2,000 to 3,000 ml per day

Question 2

Closed reduction

Answer 2

Nonsurgical correction of bone alignment

Question 3

Comminuted fracture

Answer 3

A fracture with more than two fragments - The smaller fragments appear to be floating

Question 4

Direct fracture healing complications

Answer 4

Direct complications include problems with bone infection, bone union, and avascular necrosis.

Question 5

Indirect Fracture Healing Complications

Answer 5

Indirect complications include compartment syndrome, VTE, fat embolism syndrome (FES), breakdown of skeletal muscle (rhabdomyolysis), and hypovolemic shock

Question 6

, Two basic causes of compartment syndrome

Answer 6

Two basic causes of compartment syndrome are (1) decreased compartment size resulting from restrictive dressings, splints, casts, excessive traction, or premature closure of fascia; and (2) increased compartment contents due to bleeding, inflammation, edema, or IV infiltration.

Question 7

Compartment Syndrome

Answer 7

Compartment syndrome is a condition in which swelling causes increased pressure within a limited space (muscle compartment). Because the fascia surrounding the muscle has limited ability to stretch, continued swelling can cause pressure that compromises the function of blood vessels and nerves in the compartment.

Question 8

6 P’s of Compartment Syndrome

Answer 8

One or more of the “6 Ps” are specific to compartment syndrome:
(1) pain out of proportion to the injury that is not managed by opioid analgesics, and pain on passive stretch of muscle in the compartment;
(2) increasing pressure in the compartment;
(3) paresthesia (numbness and tingling);
(4) pallor, coolness, and loss of normal color of the extremity;
(5) paralysis or loss of function; and
(6) pulselessness (decreased or absent peripheral pulses).

Question 9

Fat Embolis

Answer 9

Mechanical theory: Fat released from marrow and enters circulation where it can obstruct leading to local ischemia and inflammation
Biochemical theory: Hormonal changes caused by trauma or sepsis stimulate release of fatty acids to form fat emboli

Question 10

Intervertebral Disc Disease Conservative Therapy
,

Answer 10

Drug therapy
NSAIDs
Short-term corticosteroids
Opioids
Muscle relaxants
Antiseizure drugs
Antidepressants
Epidural corticosteroid injections

Question 11

Standards of Care are defined by:

Answer 11

State Nurse Practice Acts
State and federal laws and accreditation rules
Professional and specialty organizations
Written policies and procedures

Question 12

Risk Management

Answer 12

Risk management involves several components, including identifying possible risks, analyzing them, acting to reduce them, and evaluating the measures taken to reduce them

Question 13

Rapid Improvement Event (RIE)

Answer 13

A rapid improvement event (RIE) or rapid improvement assessment is a method used by businesses including health care agencies to change a process quickly to solve a problem or improve efficiency

Question 14

Ethical Dilemma

Answer 14

An ethical dilemma exists when the right thing to do is not clear, when members of the health care team cannot agree on the right thing to do, or when the health care team and the patient and/or family disagree on a course of action

Question 15

How to Process an Ethical Dilemma

Answer 15

Step 1: Is This an Ethical Dilemma?

Step 2: Gather All Relevant Information

Step 3: Examine and Determine Your Values and Opinions About the Issues

Step 4: State the Problem Clearly

Step 5: Consider Possible Courses of Action

Step 6: Negotiate the Outcome

Step 7: Evaluate the Action