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Neurophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of the nervous system

A

maintain homeostasis
program reflexes
voluntary control of movement
memory and learning

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2
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slow heart rate
constricts bronchi
contracts bladder

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3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increase heart rate
dilate bronchi
inhibits bladder contraction

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4
Q

cell body of neuron

A

soma with nucleus

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5
Q

axon hillock

A

transition part of cell body and axon
generates AP

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6
Q

synapses

A

between two neurons

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7
Q

anterograde

A

away from soma

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8
Q

retrograde

A

towards soma

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9
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

structure
number of processes
myelination
function

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10
Q

bipolar neuron

A

interneurons in spinal cord
sensory neurons
two processes

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11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

sensory neurons in spinal and cranial nerve ganglion
one process

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12
Q

multipolar neuron

A

motor neuron
anterior horn cell
many processes

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13
Q

pyramidal cells

A

pyramid shape
2 dendritic trees
excitatory in cortical structures

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14
Q

plasma membrane makeup

A

phospholipid bilayer with phosphate hydrophilic heads and lipid hydrophobic tails

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15
Q

leak channels

A

difference in ion concentration

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16
Q

modality gated

A

sensory stimuli: light, sound, touch

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17
Q

ligand gated

A

neurotransmitter

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18
Q

voltage gated

A

change in charge

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19
Q

intracellular fluid

A

more potassium
organic anions
negative and positive proteins

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20
Q

extracellular fluid

A

more sodium
more calcium
chloride

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21
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV polarized

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22
Q

movement in resting membrane potential

A

selective permeability to potassium
sodium potassium pump
anions inside cell

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23
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodium out
2 potassium in

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24
Q

local potential

A

spreads short distance

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25
Q

receptor potential

A

modality gated, long distance

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26
Q

How does large depolarization change cell charge

A

make it less negative (more positive)

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27
Q

charge needed for action potential

A

+15
cell needs to be at -55

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28
Q

where in the cell is action potential fired

A

axon hillock

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29
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at resting potential

A

closed

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30
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at threshold potential

A

sodium channels open and let sodium into the cell

31
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at depolarization

A

more sodium channels open and sodium goes into thee cell for about 1ms and then they close

32
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at repolarization

A

potassium channels open and potassium exits the cell

33
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at hyperpolarization

A

potassium channels stay open and it continues to leave the cell

34
Q

absolute refractory period

A

sodium channels shut off soon after highest point of depolarization and no action potential can occur

35
Q

relative refractory period

A

during repolarization and hyper polarization, a larger stimulus is needed to cause action potential

36
Q

what is the conduction velocity of an unmyelinated axon

A

square root of diameter at the axon

37
Q

what is the conduction velocity of a myelinated axon

A

proportional to the diameter of the axon

38
Q

where do action potentials occur in myelinated neurons

A

nodes of ranvier

39
Q

what do glial cells do

A

protection and support neurons
maintain homeostasis, clean debris, form myelin

40
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

help with communication
scavengers
nutrition
blood brain barrier

41
Q

what do microglia do

A

developing brain and help neural niche and pruning

42
Q

what is a primary RF is many diseases including demyelination disorders?

A

oxidative stress

43
Q

oxidative stress

A

disturbance is the balance between production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidant defenses

44
Q

examples of peripheral demyelinating diseases

A

peripheral diabetic neuropathy
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
POEMS
Charcot Marie Tooth disease

45
Q

causes of PDN

A

compression, genetics, social and lifestyle (chronic alcohol consumptions, smoking, obesity)

46
Q

pedal parasthesias

A

pins and needles and tingling

47
Q

A1c testing

A

measures percentage of hemoglobin proteins that are covered in sugar
normal is less than 5.7%

48
Q

lab testing for PDN

A

serum glucose
A1c
complete blood count
erythrocyte sedimentation rate

49
Q

signs of PDN

A

decreased light touch sensation
loss of ankle reflexes
GI problems (discomfort, dysphagia, nausea, constipation, diarrhea)
Cardiac problems (hypotension, sinus tachycardia, variable HR, syncope)
Bladder problems (weak system, straining to void, incomplete emptying)
Skin (heat intolerance, gustatory sweat, diaphoresis)
Nervous (carpal tunnel, radiculopathy, lumbosacral and cervical neuropathy)

50
Q

DPN treatment

A

improve glycemic control
pharmacological treatment of symptoms disturbing sleep or ADLs
PT

51
Q

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

A

acquired immune mediated demyelinating disease of PNS with progress loss of motor and sensory functions

52
Q

what happens in CIDP

A

immune system attack myelin sheath of PNS which causes segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration

53
Q

CIDP symptoms

A

tinging/ numbness of extremities
symmetrical weakness/ parasthesia of arms and legs
loss of reflex
fatigue
ataxia
limb incoordination

54
Q

diagnosis of CIDP

A

elevated CSF protein w/o increased leukocyte
MRI evidence of gadolinium enhancement or nerve root plexus hypertrophy
primary demyelination
improvement following immunotherapy

55
Q

treatment of CIDP

A

intravenous immunoglobulin
corticosteroids
therapeutic plasma exchange
immunosuppressive therapy

56
Q

CIDP and PT

A

demyelination means less recruitment of muscle fibers for a given task so be careful of overexertion
manual therapy to reduce contractures and improve ROM
gait retraining, balance and exercise programs

57
Q

What happens to pt. with CDIP taking immunotherapy?

A

improvement right away

58
Q

dysphagia

A

problems swallowing

59
Q

gustatory sweating

A

sweating while eating

60
Q

extreme diaphoresis

A

sweating

61
Q

dysphesia

A

stimulus that normally isn’t painful is painful

62
Q

stocking glove distribution

A

longest sensory nerves affected first (toes, fingers, feet, hands)

63
Q

POEMS

A

Polyneuropathy
Organomegaly
Endocrinopathy
Monoclonal Protein
Skin Change
Sclerotic bone

64
Q

Polyneuropathy cause

A

plasma cell proliferative disorder

65
Q

Neoplasms

A

proliferative disorder of plasma cells
originate in bone marrow
abnormal secretion by the plasma cells of homogenous immunoglobulin with paraprotein idiotype

66
Q

who gets POEMS

A

males over 60

67
Q

symptoms of POEMS

A

sensory: tingling, paresthesia, coldness in feet, proprioception disturbances
motor: symmetrical severe weakness of extremities that progress distally
nerve conduction: high serum concentration of vascular endothelial GF
hepatomegaly
testicular atrophy and gyenocomastia
DM
hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis

68
Q

treatment of POEMS

A

high dose chemo
stem cell transplant
corticosteroids
low dose alkylation therapy
PT and OT

69
Q

Survival/ prognosis of POEMS

A

13.8 years
cardiorespiratory or renal failure

70
Q

CMT

A

hereditary gene abnormality affecting Schwann cells and peripheral nerve axons

71
Q

CMT symptoms

A

motor: weakness and paralysis or foot/leg, foot drop, high stepped gait, falling, foot deformities, atrophy
sensory: reduce temp/ touch sensation, muscle cramping, contractures, scoliosis, hip displacement

72
Q

CMT diagnosis

A

nerve conduction studies
EMG
nerve biopsy
genetic testing

73
Q

CMT treatment

A

pain meds
PT
OT
orthopedics

Neurophysiology (3 decks)

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