Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurophysiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 main functions of the nervous system

A

maintain homeostasis
program reflexes
voluntary control of movement
memory and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slow heart rate
constricts bronchi
contracts bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increase heart rate
dilate bronchi
inhibits bladder contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cell body of neuron

A

soma with nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

axon hillock

A

transition part of cell body and axon
generates AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

synapses

A

between two neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anterograde

A

away from soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

retrograde

A

towards soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

structure
number of processes
myelination
function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bipolar neuron

A

interneurons in spinal cord
sensory neurons
two processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

unipolar neuron

A

sensory neurons in spinal and cranial nerve ganglion
one process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

multipolar neuron

A

motor neuron
anterior horn cell
many processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pyramidal cells

A

pyramid shape
2 dendritic trees
excitatory in cortical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

plasma membrane makeup

A

phospholipid bilayer with phosphate hydrophilic heads and lipid hydrophobic tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

leak channels

A

difference in ion concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

modality gated

A

sensory stimuli: light, sound, touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ligand gated

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

voltage gated

A

change in charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

intracellular fluid

A

more potassium
organic anions
negative and positive proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

extracellular fluid

A

more sodium
more calcium
chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

movement in resting membrane potential

A

selective permeability to potassium
sodium potassium pump
anions inside cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

3 sodium out
2 potassium in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

local potential

A

spreads short distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

receptor potential

A

modality gated, long distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does large depolarization change cell charge

A

make it less negative (more positive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

charge needed for action potential

A

+15
cell needs to be at -55

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where in the cell is action potential fired

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at resting potential

A

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at threshold potential

A

sodium channels open and let sodium into the cell

31
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at depolarization

A

more sodium channels open and sodium goes into thee cell for about 1ms and then they close

32
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at repolarization

A

potassium channels open and potassium exits the cell

33
Q

what are sodium and potassium channels doing at hyperpolarization

A

potassium channels stay open and it continues to leave the cell

34
Q

absolute refractory period

A

sodium channels shut off soon after highest point of depolarization and no action potential can occur

35
Q

relative refractory period

A

during repolarization and hyper polarization, a larger stimulus is needed to cause action potential

36
Q

what is the conduction velocity of an unmyelinated axon

A

square root of diameter at the axon

37
Q

what is the conduction velocity of a myelinated axon

A

proportional to the diameter of the axon

38
Q

where do action potentials occur in myelinated neurons

A

nodes of ranvier

39
Q

what do glial cells do

A

protection and support neurons
maintain homeostasis, clean debris, form myelin

40
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

help with communication
scavengers
nutrition
blood brain barrier

41
Q

what do microglia do

A

developing brain and help neural niche and pruning

42
Q

what is a primary RF is many diseases including demyelination disorders?

A

oxidative stress

43
Q

oxidative stress

A

disturbance is the balance between production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidant defenses

44
Q

examples of peripheral demyelinating diseases

A

peripheral diabetic neuropathy
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
POEMS
Charcot Marie Tooth disease

45
Q

causes of PDN

A

compression, genetics, social and lifestyle (chronic alcohol consumptions, smoking, obesity)

46
Q

pedal parasthesias

A

pins and needles and tingling

47
Q

A1c testing

A

measures percentage of hemoglobin proteins that are covered in sugar
normal is less than 5.7%

48
Q

lab testing for PDN

A

serum glucose
A1c
complete blood count
erythrocyte sedimentation rate

49
Q

signs of PDN

A

decreased light touch sensation
loss of ankle reflexes
GI problems (discomfort, dysphagia, nausea, constipation, diarrhea)
Cardiac problems (hypotension, sinus tachycardia, variable HR, syncope)
Bladder problems (weak system, straining to void, incomplete emptying)
Skin (heat intolerance, gustatory sweat, diaphoresis)
Nervous (carpal tunnel, radiculopathy, lumbosacral and cervical neuropathy)

50
Q

DPN treatment

A

improve glycemic control
pharmacological treatment of symptoms disturbing sleep or ADLs
PT

51
Q

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

A

acquired immune mediated demyelinating disease of PNS with progress loss of motor and sensory functions

52
Q

what happens in CIDP

A

immune system attack myelin sheath of PNS which causes segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration

53
Q

CIDP symptoms

A

tinging/ numbness of extremities
symmetrical weakness/ parasthesia of arms and legs
loss of reflex
fatigue
ataxia
limb incoordination

54
Q

diagnosis of CIDP

A

elevated CSF protein w/o increased leukocyte
MRI evidence of gadolinium enhancement or nerve root plexus hypertrophy
primary demyelination
improvement following immunotherapy

55
Q

treatment of CIDP

A

intravenous immunoglobulin
corticosteroids
therapeutic plasma exchange
immunosuppressive therapy

56
Q

CIDP and PT

A

demyelination means less recruitment of muscle fibers for a given task so be careful of overexertion
manual therapy to reduce contractures and improve ROM
gait retraining, balance and exercise programs

57
Q

What happens to pt. with CDIP taking immunotherapy?

A

improvement right away

58
Q

dysphagia

A

problems swallowing

59
Q

gustatory sweating

A

sweating while eating

60
Q

extreme diaphoresis

A

sweating

61
Q

dysphesia

A

stimulus that normally isn’t painful is painful

62
Q

stocking glove distribution

A

longest sensory nerves affected first (toes, fingers, feet, hands)

63
Q

POEMS

A

Polyneuropathy
Organomegaly
Endocrinopathy
Monoclonal Protein
Skin Change
Sclerotic bone

64
Q

Polyneuropathy cause

A

plasma cell proliferative disorder

65
Q

Neoplasms

A

proliferative disorder of plasma cells
originate in bone marrow
abnormal secretion by the plasma cells of homogenous immunoglobulin with paraprotein idiotype

66
Q

who gets POEMS

A

males over 60

67
Q

symptoms of POEMS

A

sensory: tingling, paresthesia, coldness in feet, proprioception disturbances
motor: symmetrical severe weakness of extremities that progress distally
nerve conduction: high serum concentration of vascular endothelial GF
hepatomegaly
testicular atrophy and gyenocomastia
DM
hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis

68
Q

treatment of POEMS

A

high dose chemo
stem cell transplant
corticosteroids
low dose alkylation therapy
PT and OT

69
Q

Survival/ prognosis of POEMS

A

13.8 years
cardiorespiratory or renal failure

70
Q

CMT

A

hereditary gene abnormality affecting Schwann cells and peripheral nerve axons

71
Q

CMT symptoms

A

motor: weakness and paralysis or foot/leg, foot drop, high stepped gait, falling, foot deformities, atrophy
sensory: reduce temp/ touch sensation, muscle cramping, contractures, scoliosis, hip displacement

72
Q

CMT diagnosis

A

nerve conduction studies
EMG
nerve biopsy
genetic testing

73
Q

CMT treatment

A

pain meds
PT
OT
orthopedics

Neurophysiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions