Exam 1 Flashcards
Kvp
Determines energy of X-ray beam
MAs
Determines number of X-ray photons produced
Fix exposure problems
Mas 50 or kvp by 15
Synarthroses joint
Immovable ie skull
Diarthroses joint
Have synovial, freely movable, knee fetlock hock
Ampiarthrosis joint
Slightly movable, vertebrae or pubis
Osteoarthritis definition
Progressive cartilage degradation characterized by softening, fibrillation, and erosion of the articulate surface
Cartilage blood supply?
Not direct, only by diffusion of nutrients
Early signs of oa in horses
Swelling, heat, lameness, behavioral hesitation to preform
How do nsaid work which pathway
Non selective cox inhibitor in the arachnoid acid pathway
What is surpass
Topical nsaid for horse, lower systemic,
Biphosphonates bad why
Renal consequences
Intraarticular steroids
Anti inflammatory, may cause laminitis or infection
Stops entire aracadonic pathways
Which steroid of intra inj horses
Depo longest acting but may be bad for Cartlidge
Triamc can cause laminitis
Platelet rich plasma inj.
Platelet concentrates made of auto genius blood with high plates in small volume plasma
Oa horse surgical options
Arthroscopy, ankylosis, arthrodesis
Oa in cats common type
Type 1 auto, inciting usually not found
Joints affected in cats from most to least
Spine, elbow, hip, stifle. Shoulder tarsus carpus
Which cats have high number of carpus tarsus affected
Scottish folds
Lameness score cat 1
Hardly visible, short strides, lifts foot when sitting, unable to jump, altered sitting position
Lameness score cat 2
Medium, clearly visible, head bob, weight bearing, tail shift,
Lameness score cat 3
High grade, toe touching non weight bearring
Oa cats pe findings
Crepitus, joint thickening, effusion, reduced range of motion
Cats X-ray OA typically see
Osteophytosis, sclerosis, soft tissue thickening, joint effusion, mineralized bodies
Non surgery cats oa
Environmental modulation, pt, dietary modulation, nutraceuticals, drug therapy like nsaid
Multimodal analgesia cats oa
Combo of drugs, amantadine, gab, tramadol,
Sx cats oa
Intraarticular fragment removal, joint replacement, excision arthroscopy (ball removal) , arthrodesis (perm stabilization)
Type classification oa dogs
Type 2
Dog nsaid oa
Long term better, adverse effects lown
Dog galliprant
New class, blocks ep4 receptor, reduces inflammation
Omega 3 diet dogs
Only neutraceutical with proven evidence
Oa dogs exercise ?
Some tolerated short walk so don’t get stiff
Dog oa sx
Joint replacement, excision arthropoasty, arthrodesis,
Which imaging don’t have radiation
MRI and ultrasound
4 determinants of X-ray opacity
Atomic number
Thicknes
Physical and composit densities
Order of long bones from end to middle
Epiphysis- metaphysis- diaphysis
3 joint types
Synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous,
3 ways to tell bone aggression?
Cortical destruction, active periosteal reaction, no distinct transition zone
Primary bone tumor called?
Osteosarcoma
Several bone cancer
Carcinoma or lymphoma
Bone cancer centered around a joint
Tumor like histocytic sarcoma, synovial cell sarcoma
Dorsal lateral has what
Square tarsus, step or shelf
Dorsomedial has what
More rounded tarsus, 2/3 acesssory is superimposed
Most affected feline joint by osteroarthritis
Spine!
Oa changes on xray
Osteophytosis, sclerosis, soft tissue thickening, joint effusion
What is oa characterized by
Softening, fibrillation, erosion of articulate surface
Inflammatory cytokines of oa?
IL1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, il6
AAEP lameness scale level 1
Not consistent
AAEP level 2
Difficult at walk or straight line
AAEP level 3
Lameness at trot
AAEP level 4
Lameness at walk
OCD
Failure of endochondral ossification leading to retention of growth cartilage
Type 1 impa
Idiopathic
Type 2 impa
Infection remote from the joint
Impa type 3
GI dx
Impa type 4
Neoplasia
Drugs can cause impa
Sulfo!, Penicillin deriviertes, erythromycin, lincomycin, cephalosporins
Key difference between impa this and rheumatoid like arthritis
Rheumatoid factor RF
