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Geomorphology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Erosion

A

1) Acquisition of material
2) Transportation
3) Deposition

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2
Q

Soil

A

Special type of regolith; been acted upon by physical, chemical, and biological that can support rooted plant life

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3
Q

Residual Soil

A

soil that formed from the underlying bedrock

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4
Q

Transported Soil

A

The weathered pieces of rocks that have been carried by several agents like wind and water and finally breaks down into further small pieces to settle down

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5
Q

Paleosol

A

soils that formed on a landscape of the past

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6
Q

3 types of soil

A

Relict, buried, exhumed

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7
Q

Soil Catena

A

Arrangement of soil positions on a slope

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8
Q

James Hutton

A

Doctrine of Uniformitarianism – “the present is the key to the past”

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9
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Principles of Geology

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10
Q

J.W. Powell

A

Early USGS Director; first conquered rapids of the CO river; laid the foundation for the American School of Geomorphology; concept of base level

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11
Q

G.K. Gilbert

A

contributed to the understanding of landscape evolution, erosion, river incision and sedimentation.

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12
Q

W.M. Davis

A

Developed the concept of the Geomorphic Cycle (Cycle of erosion)

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13
Q

Monadnock

A

A mountain or rocky mass that has resisted erosion and stands isolated in an essentially level area

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14
Q

Inselberg

A

solated hill that stands above well-developed plains and appears not unlike an island rising from the sea.

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15
Q

Peneplain

A

a low-relief plain representing the final stage of fluvial erosion during times of extended tectonic stability

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16
Q

Regolith

A

loose surficial material overlying bedrock

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17
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

?

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18
Q

Cuesta

A

s a ridge formed by gently tilted sedimentary rock strata in a homoclinal structure.

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19
Q

Hogback

A

is a ridge with steep sides formed by dipping strata. It is a homoclinal ridge, formed from a monocline, composed of steeply tilted strata of rock protruding from the surrounding area.

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20
Q

Consequent Stream

A

are streams whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., streams that follow slope of the land over which they originally formed.

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21
Q

Subsequent Stream

A

are streams whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts.

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22
Q

Podzolization

A

The process by which soils are depleted of bases and become acidic.

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23
Q

Calcification

A

process by which, in dry climates, water carrying dissolved minerals moves upward through the soil. At the surface, the water evaporates, leaving the minerals behind.

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24
Q

Thermal Expansion

A

The increase in volume of a substance due to an increase in temperature.

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25
Q

Exfoliation

A

splitting off of concentric layers as a result of expansion

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26
Q

7th Approximation

A

?

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27
Q

Creep

A

Slow downslope movement of earth materials

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28
Q

Gley

A

a sticky waterlogged soil lacking in oxygen, typically gray to blue in color.

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29
Q

Mass Movement

A

Movement of Earth materials downslope under the direct influence of gravity

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30
Q

Illuvial Horizon

A

Part of a soil profile where minerals, humus, or plant nutrients have been deposited after being washed down from above.

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31
Q

Gray-Brown Podzolic Soils (Alfisols)

A

Forest soils

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32
Q

Clay bands

A

?

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33
Q

Colluvium

A

loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the base of hillslops by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous downslope creep, or a variable combination of these processes.

34
Q

Talus

A

angular blocks moving downslope

35
Q

Slump

A

Downward sliding of a unit along a curved slope

36
Q

Wind Gap

A

is a valley through which a waterway once flowed but is now dry as a result of stream capture

37
Q

Brunizem soils (mollisols)

A

Soils developed in grasslands

38
Q

S.C.S. = N.R.C.S.

A

Soil concervation services is now the National Resource Conservation services
Soil classification scheme

39
Q

Relief

A

The variations in elevation of an area of the earth’s surface

40
Q

Joints

A

to a fracture in rock where the displacement associated with the opening of the fracture is greater than the displacement due to lateral movement in the plane of the fracture of one side relative to the other

41
Q

Eluvial Horizon

A

A horizon from which material has been removed either in solution or suspension.

42
Q

Topographic Inversion

A

refers to landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features.

43
Q

Misfit (Underfit) Stream

A

either a stream or river that is either too large or too small to have eroded the valley in which it flows

44
Q

Solifluction

A

Water saturated material
Top layer on permafrost > top layer melts and water tries to seep into the permafrost but can’t so you get lateral movement

45
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

1) Hydration 2) Hydrolysis 3) Carbonation 4) Oxidation-Reduction 5) Solution

46
Q

Physical Weathering

A

Disintegration; 1) Expansion resulting from unloading 2) Crystal growth 3) Thermal Expansion & Contraction 4) Wetting & Drying 5) Organic Activity 6) Colloidal Plucking

47
Q

Classfication of Soils

A

?

48
Q

Soil Orders

A

?

49
Q

Zonal Soils

A

well drained mature soils in any region

50
Q

Intrazonal soils

A

develop within special areas within the region

Halomorphic; hydromorphic; calcimorphic

51
Q

Azonal Soils

A

Not really soils
Lithosols: rock w/ soil
Regosols: youthful soils
Alluvial sands: soils that develop on a flood plain

52
Q

Development of soils

A

?

53
Q

Flow vs. Slide

A

?

54
Q

Types of Mass movement

A

?

55
Q

Types of Drainage Patterns

A

Dendritic, trellis, rectangular, radial, annular, Multibasinal

56
Q

Exogenetic Processes

A

Processes that result from external forces (weathering, mass movement, erosion)

57
Q

Endogenetic Processes

A

Processes that originate from forces within the earth (volcanic, earthquakes, mountain building)

58
Q

Geomorphology

A

The study of landforms and landscapes, the processes that produce them, and how they evolve through time

59
Q

Cycles of Erosion

A

Young, Mature, Old

60
Q

Cycle of Erosion: Young

A

V-Shaped valleys; few or no flood plains; extensive interfluves; many falls and rapids; incising watercourses

61
Q

Cycle of Erosion: Mature

A

well drained terrain, all in slopes except floodplains; trunk and some tributary streams meander, max relief

62
Q

Cycle of Erosion: Old

A

?

63
Q

Soil Series

A

soils that develop from the same parent material

64
Q

Soil Family

A

grouped for a particular reason; soils that share at least one common characteristic

65
Q

Great Soil Group

A

characteristics of soil that are all the same besides parent material

66
Q

Slides

A

Refers only to mass movements, where there is a distinct zone of weakness that separates the slide material from more stable underlying rock

67
Q

Rotational Slide

A

a slide in which the surface of rupture is curved concavely upward and the slide movement is roughly rotational about an axis that is parallel to the ground surface and transverse across the slide

68
Q

Translational Slide

A

landslide mass moves along a roughly planar surface with little rotation or backward tilting

69
Q

Falls

A

abrupt movements of masses of geologic materials, that become detached from steep slopes or cliffs. Separation occurs along discontinuities such as fractures, joints, and bedding planes, and movement occurs by free-fall, bouncing, and rolling. Falls are strongly influenced by gravity, mechanical weathering, and the presence of interstitial water.

70
Q

Topples

A

Toppling failures are distinguished by the forward rotation of a unit or units about some pivotal point, below or low in the unit, under the actions of gravity and forces exerted by adjacent units or by fluids in cracks

71
Q

Debris Flow

A

a form of rapid mass movement in which a combination of loose soil, rock, organic matter, air, and water mobilize as a slurry that flows downslope

72
Q

Debris Avalanche

A

This is a variety of very rapid to extremely rapid debris flow

73
Q

Earthflow

A

a characteristic “hourglass” shape (fig. 3H). The slope material liquefies and runs out, forming a bowl or depression at the head. The flow itself is elongate and usually occurs in fine-grained materials or clay-bearing rocks on moderate slopes and under saturated conditions. However, dry flows of granular material are also possible.

74
Q

Mudflow

A

an earthflow consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly and that contains at least 50 percent sand-, silt-, and clay-sized particles.

75
Q

Grus

A

accumulation of angular coarse grained fragments resulting from the granular disintegration of crystalline rocks generally in an arid or semiarid region.

76
Q

Geomorphology

A

the study of landforms, and of the erosional & depositional processes that control them

77
Q

Relict Soil

A

A soil formed on a preexisting landscape but not subsequently buried under younger sediments

78
Q

Exhumed Soil

A

a buried soil that has been reexposed at the surface through erosion.

79
Q

buried soil

A

An ancient soil profile that has become sealed beneath younger material or some kind of structure so that there is marked vertical separation between the older soil profile and the more recent ground surface.

80
Q

7th approximation

A

a system put in place to classify soils

Geomorphology (1 decks)

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