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NSG 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

anything harmful to the baby or embryo

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2
Q

where does fertilization take place?

A

outer 3rd layer of fallopian tube
occurs within 24 hr of ovulation

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3
Q

what is an ovum?
what is a zygote?

A

egg
fertilized egg or ovum

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4
Q

what is XX?
what is XY?

A

female
male

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5
Q

what id a female gamete?
what is a male gamete?

A

ovum
sperm

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6
Q

how long is an ovum fertile?
how lonf is sperm fertile?

A

12-24 hours after ovulation
48-72 but healthy for 24 hours

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7
Q

what is spermatogenesis?
what is oogenesis?

A

occurs at puberty when testes start to produce sperm
females are born with every ova she will have, occurs when the ovum divides and is released during ovulation

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8
Q

what is a diploid zygote?

A

it has 46 chromosomes

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9
Q

what is the morula?

A

formed from the zygote
2 parts
- blastocyte: becomes the baby
- trophoblast: becomes the placenta

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10
Q

what is nidation?

A

implantation
occurs when trophoblast imbeds into the uterus
7-10 days after fertilization

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11
Q

what happens during implantation?

A

lining of uterus thickens
trophoblast grow into uterus lining
chorionic villi is formed

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12
Q

what are chorionic villi?
what do they do?

A

fingerlike projections that extend into blood filled spaces of endometrium
-obtain oxygen and nutrients
-dispose of carbon dioxide
-branch into fetal blood vessels to form fetal placenta

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13
Q

what is the endometrium and what is it called after implantation?

A

inner lining of uterus
decidua

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14
Q

what is the decidua basalis?

A

maternal side of placenta

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15
Q

what is the decidua capsularis?

A

fetal side of placenta

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16
Q

what is the decidua vera?

A

lining of the rest of uterus

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17
Q

what is the pre-embryonic stage

A

first 14 days
stages of ovum

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18
Q

what is the embryonic stage?

A

day 15-week 8
most suseptiable to teratogens

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19
Q

what is the fetus stage?

A

week 9- until birth

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20
Q

what is developed in the ectoderm?

A

central and peripheral nervous system
nasal cavity
hair/nails

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21
Q

what is developed during mesoderm?

A

reproductive organs
kidneys/ureter/spleen
skelton/muscles
cardiovascular system

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22
Q

what is developed in the endoderm?

A

respiratory tract
epithelium
tissue of liver and pancreas
urethra
urinary bladder
vagina

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23
Q

what is amniotic fluid and what does it do?

A

fluid from the maternal bloodstream
-helps maintain body tempreture
-source of oral fluid
-place to store waste
-cushions the fetus
-allows for freedome of movement

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24
Q

what does the yolk sac do?

A

before the placenta is made it provides nutrients to the embryo
-blood is made

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25
Q

when is the umbillical cord formed and what does it have?

A

week 5
2 arteries, 1 vein

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26
Q

what is the placenta and what does it do?

A

its considered an organ at 14 weeks
-stores nutrients from mom to baby

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27
Q

when is the embryo called a fetus and why?

A

by the end of week 8
bc it has every organ system and external feature

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28
Q

what is fetal viability?

A

fetus can survive outside of the uterus
22-25 weeks with a wt of 1.1 lbs

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29
Q

what happens at week 4?

A

heart is beating 110-160 bts/min
formation of red blood cells

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30
Q

what begins at week 20?

A

fetus sucks and swallows amniotic fluid
peristalic movements

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31
Q

what is wrong with the fetal hepatic system?

A

coagulation cant be synthized by liver because lack of vit K

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32
Q

when is the sex of the baby able to be seen?

A

16 weeks

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33
Q

what happens to the integumentary system as the fetus grows?

A

thick, white cheesy covering forms called the vernix caseosa
lanugo is formed at 12 weeks to help keep oil on the baby

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34
Q

what is the ductus venosus?

A

it connects the umbillical vein to inferior vena cava
-allows bloodflow into r atrium
-will close rapidly after birth

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35
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A

it allows oxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
(bypasses pulmonary circulation)

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36
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

it connects the pulmonary artery to the decending aorta
(bypasses the lungs)

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37
Q

what are dizygotic twins?

A

fraternal (non identical)
2 ovas

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38
Q

what are monozygotic twins?

A

identical
1 ovum divides
same sex, aooerance, and genotype

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39
Q

what happens at 4 weeks?

A

fetus has a heartbeat

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40
Q

what happens at 8 weeks?

A

all body organs are formed

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41
Q

what happens at 8-12 weeks?

A

heartbeat can be heard

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42
Q

what happens at 16 weeks?

A

babys sex can be seen
(thin but looks like a baby)

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43
Q

what happens at 20 weeks?

A

mom feels movement
baby has a regular schedule of sleeping, sucking, and kicking
hands can grasp
vernix caseosa protects the body
lanugo holds oil on fetus
head hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes are formed

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44
Q

what happens at 24 weeks?

A

weight is around 1lb 10oz
fetal respiratory movements begin
sucking movements

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45
Q

what happens at 28 weeks?

A

eyes are able to open and close
baby can breathe
surfactant is formed for breathing at birth
baby is 2/3 its final length

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46
Q

what happens at 32 weeks?

A

baby has fingernails and toenails
subQ fat is laid down
baby is less red and wrinkled

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47
Q

what happens at 38+ weeks?

A

baby fills total uterus
baby gets antibodies from mom

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48
Q

what weeks are …
first trimester?
second trimester?
third trimester?

A

1-13
14-26
27-40

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49
Q

what is…
preterm birth?
term birth?
postterm birth?

A

birth at
20-37 weeks
38-42 weeks
beyond 42 weeks

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50
Q

what happens to the uterus at week 18-30?

A

height of fundus in cm is approx equal to the number of weeks a fetus is

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51
Q

what happens to the vagina antepartum?

A

increased secretions
becomes acidic
-prevents bacteria
-holds onto yeast

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52
Q

what are montgomery tubercles?

A

sebacceous glands
-areola darken
-stria develop

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53
Q

what is hegars sign?

A

softening and compressibility of uterus at 6 weeks causes bladder pressure and urinary frequency

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54
Q

what is chadwicks sign?

A

vagiina and cervix change colors to violet bl;ue at 6-8 weeks
due to increased vascularity

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55
Q

what is goodells sign?

A

cervical tip softens, hypertrophies, and undergoes increased vascularity at 6 weeks

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56
Q

what happens to breathing as the uterus enlarges?

A

uterus presses upward and elevates diaphragm
-mild dyspnea
-abd to throacic breathing

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57
Q

what happens to pulse and BP antepartum?

A

pulse increases
BP decreases
-lowest in 2nd trimester

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58
Q

what happens when the uterus put pressure on the femoral and pelvic vessels?

A

it disrupts blood flow causing statis in lower extremities
-edema
-varicosities(hemmroids)
-postural hypotension

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59
Q

what is the supine hypotensive syndrome?

A

when mom lays on her back, uterus presses on vena cava, which reduces blood flow to R atrium and decreases BP
Also known as vena cava syndrome

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60
Q

what causes N/V prenatal in the 1stt trimester?

A

increased HcG level
smooth muscles relax in stomach
carb metabolism is changed

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61
Q

what can happen antepartum in the mouth?

A

gum tissue softens
excess salvia (ptyalism)

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62
Q

what causes pyrosis antepartum?

A

the cardiac spinchter relaxs

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63
Q

what trimesters has increased urinary frquency?

A

1st and 3rd

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64
Q

what happens to the spine antepartum?

A

increased lumbosacral curve (lordosis) develops

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65
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintains pregnancy by relaxing smooth muscles
supresses FSH and LH

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66
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

promotes enlargement of genitals, uterus, breasts, and increased vascularity

67
Q

what happens to insulin prenatal?

A

decreases in production

68
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates contractions
“love hormone”
love and bonding
Pitocin

69
Q

what can low levels of prostalglandins cause?

A

hypertesnion
preclampsia

70
Q

what is
stria gravidarum?
linea nigra?
chloasma?

A

stretch marks
pigmented line on belly
dark spots on face

71
Q

what is thw urine protein level?

A

less than 254mg/24 hr

72
Q

what happend to hematocrit and hemoglobin prenatal?

A

they decrease

73
Q

what is physiological anemia?

A

increase in plasma causes RBC to be diluted

74
Q

what are presumptive signs of pregancy?

A

subjective
-amenorrhea
-N/V
-urinary freq
-breast tenderness
-quickening

75
Q

what are probable signs of pregancy?

A

objective
-Goodell, chadwicks, hegar
-braxton hicks
-pigmentation
-stria
-postive pregnancy test

76
Q

what are positive signs of pregnacy?

A

fetal heartbeat, movement or visual on US

77
Q

what is couvade syndrome?

A

father has impathetic pain
-fatigue
-increased appetite
-difficulty sleeping

78
Q

how many prenatal visits for…
through week 28?
week 28-36?
week 36-birth?

A

1 time a month
every 2 weeks
weekly

79
Q

what is nagele rule?

A

determines the EDD
1. first day of last menstrual period
2. subtract 3 mon
3. add 7 days

80
Q

what is the G.T. P.A. L.?

A

Gravida: number of times being preg
Term: number of term infants born (38-42)
Preterm: number of preterm infants (20-37)
Abortion: number of pregancies ended
Living: number of children living

81
Q

what are the complications during the 1st trimester?

A

severe vomiting
chills/fever
diarrhea
burning on urination
vaginal bleeding
abd cramping

82
Q

what are the 2nd and 3rd trimester complications?

A

sudden discharge
severe back ache
contractions
vision disturbances
excess swelling
vaginal bleeding

83
Q

what can increased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause?

A

nasal stiffiness and epistaxis
breast tenderness
increased vaginal discharge
cervical hyperplasia
increased mucous by endocervical gland

84
Q

what is the cardiff counting method?

A

counts fetal movements
(at least 10 movements in 3 hr)
decrease or cessation of movement signals a problem

85
Q

what are the travel restrictions for a pregant women?

A

for every 2hr of travel walk 10 min

86
Q

what immunizations should a pregant women avoid?

A

live virus vaccines
-rubella
-MMR
-influenza

87
Q

how do you calculate BMI?

A

weight(lb) * 703/ height (in) squared

88
Q

BMI…
underweight
normal weight
overweight
obese

A

less than 18.5
18.5-25
25-30
greater than 30

89
Q

what is folic acid and what is the daily recommended amount?

A

helps to decrease risk of neural tube defects
- spina bifida
400mcg/day

90
Q

when are ultrasounds normally completed?

A

12-16 wk
24-28 wk

91
Q

what is a Nuchal Translucency test (NTT)?

A

use od ultrasound to screen for down syndrome
-shows thickness on back of neck
-11 weeks

92
Q

what is a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test? (MsAFP)

A

screening test fot fetal abnormalities
-low levels result in down syndrome
-high levels result in neural tube defects (NFD)

93
Q

what is a nonstress test?

A

noninvasive
done at 28wk
-assess for fetal heart rate during times of fetal movement
if CNS is intact and fetus has oxygen then the fetal heart rate will increase during movement

94
Q

what is a reactive nonstress result?

A

bloos flow and oxygen to fetus is adequate

95
Q

what is a nonreactive nonstress test result?

A

requires additional testing to see if result is due to poor oxygenation

96
Q

what is the choronic villus sampling?

A

removal of small peice of placenta
8-12 weeks
screen for genetic disorders

97
Q

what is a biophysical profile (BPP)?

A

used near or at term to assess risk of fetal abnormalities
-ultrasound is used to measure fteal breathing patterns, movement, muscle tone, and volume of amniotic fluid
-nonstress test is performed after to score out of 10
the higher the score the better welll being of the fetus

98
Q

what is an amniocentesis?

A

diagnostic test using amniotic fluid
15-16 wk
assess for gentic disorders
can also be done in 3rd trimester for fetal lung maturuty (L/S ratio)

99
Q

constipation
-cause
-prevention
-treatment

A

relaxtion of lower bowel, lack of exersize, to little roughage in diet
increase roughage in diet, excersize and fluid
mild laxative or stool softener

100
Q

Varicose veins
-cause
-prevention
-treatment

A

relaxing hormones and increased pressure on vascular system
prevent constipation and proper weight gain
cold compree or iced whichhazel and anesthetic ointment for hemmroid

101
Q

vaginal discharge
-cause
-prevention
-treatment

A

clear and white is normal, color and odor is infection
strict hygeine and white cotton panties
if infeqtion, doc will presecribe meds

102
Q

heartburn
-causes
-prevention
-treatment

A

uterus presses upward on stomach
eat small frequent meals, no spicy or fatty foods, sleep upright if no problems with varicosities
antacid may be presecribed

103
Q

cramps
-cause
-prevention
-treatment

A

pressure of baby
drink milk and wear lose clothing
change position, straighten legs and dorsiflex the toes

104
Q

backache
cause
prevention

A

poor posture and increased pressure from the weight of the uterus
improve posture and do pelvic tilts

105
Q

what is colostrum?

A

yellow secretion from breasts that will convert to milk

106
Q

what is multipara?

A

women who has had 2 or more births at more than 20 weeks

107
Q

what is para?

A

birth after 20 weeks

108
Q

what is nullipara?

A

women who has had no births after 20 weeks

109
Q

what is primipara?

A

women who has had 1 birth after 20 weeks

110
Q

what is parturient?

A

in labor

111
Q

what is primigravida?

A

women who is preg for the 1st time

112
Q

what is nulligravida?

A

women who has never been preg

113
Q

what is multigravida?

A

preganant multiple times

114
Q

how much amniotic fluid should there be?

A

700-1000ml till 38 weeks

115
Q

what is a contemporary childbirth?

A

different choices about a patients birth experinence
ex. in water out of water, epidural or no epidural

116
Q

what are the 6 competencies for the quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN)?

A

patient centered care
teamwork and collaberation
evidence based practice
quality improvement
safety
informatics

117
Q

what does a nurse do if a patient refuses treatment?

A

document

118
Q

what is a nuclear family?

A

kids live with biological parents

119
Q

what is a blended family?

A

2 parents with biological kids from a previous marriage marry

120
Q

what is an extended family?

A

sharing household with parents, grandparents and kids

121
Q

what is a family whos parents are cohabilitating?

A

lives together but not married

122
Q

what is stage 1 of duvalls family cycle?

A

married couple
-without children

123
Q

What is stage 2 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Childbearing families
-oldest child is less than 30 months old

124
Q

What is stage 3 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Families with preschool children
-oldest child is 2.5-6 years old

125
Q

What is stage 4 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Families with school aged children
-oldest child is 6-13 years old

126
Q

What is stage 5 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Families with teenages
-oldest child is 13-20 years old

127
Q

What is stage 6 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Families as launching centers
-lasts from when 1st child leaves home until the last child leaves home

128
Q

What is stage 7 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Middle aged parents
-last from when all children are moved out until retirement

129
Q

What is stage 8 of duvalls family cycle?

A

Aging family
-Retirement until death of both spouse

130
Q

What is acculturation?

A

Adapting to a new culture

131
Q

What is assimulation?

A

All new culture

132
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Ones belief that their culture is only right and superior to everyone elses

133
Q

What is cultural reiatvism?

A

Oppisite of ethnocentrism
Affirms the uniqness and value from each culture

134
Q

What is a magico-religous view of health?

A

Health is determined by super natural forces, God
Ex. Spontaneous abortion may be believed as a punishment from God

135
Q

What is a hollistic view of health?

A

Ilness is due to an imbalnece of natural balence and harmony
-hot and cold therapy

136
Q

What cultures believe that eye contact is disrespectful?

A

Asian
Native american

137
Q

How do you communicate with past thinkers?

A

Ask direct question

138
Q

What is complentary therapy?

A

An adjunct to conventional medical treatment
Ex. Massage or accupuncture

139
Q

What is the cycle length of a menstruation?

A

Determined from the 1st day of mensus to the 1st day of the next mensus
-28 days

140
Q

What is the average amount of flow during a menstruation?

A

25-60ml

141
Q

what is premenstrul syndrome (PMS)?

A

Symptoms in luteal phase (2 weeks before period)
-irritable
-swelling
-craving
-HA
-acne

142
Q

What is menorrhagia

A

Excessive bleeding

143
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful cramps

144
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue is on the outside of uterus

145
Q

What is the treatment of endometriosis?

A

Abdominal hysterectomy

146
Q

What is coitus interruptes?

A

Using withdraw (pull out) for a contraceptive

147
Q

What is the basal body tempreture and what is it used for?

A

To know when a women is ovulating
-will show a decrease and then a sharp increase when ovulating
-measure every morning

148
Q

When should a breat examination be done?

A

1 week after each period

149
Q

What is prenatal education also known as?

A

Lamaze

150
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Gives female characteristics
Helps with ovum release

151
Q

What does preogesterone do?

A

Maintains the pregnancy

152
Q

What can help induce labor?

A

Semen

153
Q

What is a menarche?

A

1st menstruation that a female has

154
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Decrease estrogen
Endometrium sheds

155
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Endometrium thickens
Estrogen peaks before ovulation
During ovulation temp increases

156
Q

What is the normal fetal heart rate?

A

110-160

157
Q

What does APGAR stand for?

A

Apperance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respirations

158
Q

When is the APGAR test given?

A

1 min after birth
5 min after birth

159
Q

What is the appearance points of APGAR?

A

0- pale blue
1-body pink with blue extremities
2- entire body is pink

160
Q

What is the pulse points for APGAR?

A

0-no heartbeat
1-less than 100
2- greater than 100

161
Q

What is the grimace points for APGAR?

A

Response and reflex
0-no response
1-grimace
2-grimace with pull away, cry, or cough

162
Q

What is the activity points with APGAR?

A

Muscle tone
0-loose and floppy
1-arms and legs flexed
2- active motion

163
Q

What are the respiration points for APGAR?

A

0-not breathing
1-RR slow and irregular
2-cries well

NSG 211 (3 decks)

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