Exam 1 Flashcards
what is a teratogen?
anything harmful to the baby or embryo
where does fertilization take place?
outer 3rd layer of fallopian tube
occurs within 24 hr of ovulation
what is an ovum?
what is a zygote?
egg
fertilized egg or ovum
what is XX?
what is XY?
female
male
what id a female gamete?
what is a male gamete?
ovum
sperm
how long is an ovum fertile?
how lonf is sperm fertile?
12-24 hours after ovulation
48-72 but healthy for 24 hours
what is spermatogenesis?
what is oogenesis?
occurs at puberty when testes start to produce sperm
females are born with every ova she will have, occurs when the ovum divides and is released during ovulation
what is a diploid zygote?
it has 46 chromosomes
what is the morula?
formed from the zygote
2 parts
- blastocyte: becomes the baby
- trophoblast: becomes the placenta
what is nidation?
implantation
occurs when trophoblast imbeds into the uterus
7-10 days after fertilization
what happens during implantation?
lining of uterus thickens
trophoblast grow into uterus lining
chorionic villi is formed
what are chorionic villi?
what do they do?
fingerlike projections that extend into blood filled spaces of endometrium
-obtain oxygen and nutrients
-dispose of carbon dioxide
-branch into fetal blood vessels to form fetal placenta
what is the endometrium and what is it called after implantation?
inner lining of uterus
decidua
what is the decidua basalis?
maternal side of placenta
what is the decidua capsularis?
fetal side of placenta
what is the decidua vera?
lining of the rest of uterus
what is the pre-embryonic stage
first 14 days
stages of ovum
what is the embryonic stage?
day 15-week 8
most suseptiable to teratogens
what is the fetus stage?
week 9- until birth
what is developed in the ectoderm?
central and peripheral nervous system
nasal cavity
hair/nails
what is developed during mesoderm?
reproductive organs
kidneys/ureter/spleen
skelton/muscles
cardiovascular system
what is developed in the endoderm?
respiratory tract
epithelium
tissue of liver and pancreas
urethra
urinary bladder
vagina
what is amniotic fluid and what does it do?
fluid from the maternal bloodstream
-helps maintain body tempreture
-source of oral fluid
-place to store waste
-cushions the fetus
-allows for freedome of movement
what does the yolk sac do?
before the placenta is made it provides nutrients to the embryo
-blood is made
when is the umbillical cord formed and what does it have?
week 5
2 arteries, 1 vein
what is the placenta and what does it do?
its considered an organ at 14 weeks
-stores nutrients from mom to baby
when is the embryo called a fetus and why?
by the end of week 8
bc it has every organ system and external feature
what is fetal viability?
fetus can survive outside of the uterus
22-25 weeks with a wt of 1.1 lbs
what happens at week 4?
heart is beating 110-160 bts/min
formation of red blood cells
what begins at week 20?
fetus sucks and swallows amniotic fluid
peristalic movements
what is wrong with the fetal hepatic system?
coagulation cant be synthized by liver because lack of vit K
when is the sex of the baby able to be seen?
16 weeks
what happens to the integumentary system as the fetus grows?
thick, white cheesy covering forms called the vernix caseosa
lanugo is formed at 12 weeks to help keep oil on the baby
what is the ductus venosus?
it connects the umbillical vein to inferior vena cava
-allows bloodflow into r atrium
-will close rapidly after birth
what is the foramen ovale?
it allows oxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
(bypasses pulmonary circulation)
what is the ductus arteriosus?
it connects the pulmonary artery to the decending aorta
(bypasses the lungs)
what are dizygotic twins?
fraternal (non identical)
2 ovas
what are monozygotic twins?
identical
1 ovum divides
same sex, aooerance, and genotype
what happens at 4 weeks?
fetus has a heartbeat
what happens at 8 weeks?
all body organs are formed
what happens at 8-12 weeks?
heartbeat can be heard
what happens at 16 weeks?
babys sex can be seen
(thin but looks like a baby)
what happens at 20 weeks?
mom feels movement
baby has a regular schedule of sleeping, sucking, and kicking
hands can grasp
vernix caseosa protects the body
lanugo holds oil on fetus
head hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes are formed
what happens at 24 weeks?
weight is around 1lb 10oz
fetal respiratory movements begin
sucking movements
what happens at 28 weeks?
eyes are able to open and close
baby can breathe
surfactant is formed for breathing at birth
baby is 2/3 its final length
what happens at 32 weeks?
baby has fingernails and toenails
subQ fat is laid down
baby is less red and wrinkled
what happens at 38+ weeks?
baby fills total uterus
baby gets antibodies from mom
what weeks are …
first trimester?
second trimester?
third trimester?
1-13
14-26
27-40
what is…
preterm birth?
term birth?
postterm birth?
birth at
20-37 weeks
38-42 weeks
beyond 42 weeks
what happens to the uterus at week 18-30?
height of fundus in cm is approx equal to the number of weeks a fetus is
what happens to the vagina antepartum?
increased secretions
becomes acidic
-prevents bacteria
-holds onto yeast
what are montgomery tubercles?
sebacceous glands
-areola darken
-stria develop
what is hegars sign?
softening and compressibility of uterus at 6 weeks causes bladder pressure and urinary frequency
what is chadwicks sign?
vagiina and cervix change colors to violet bl;ue at 6-8 weeks
due to increased vascularity
what is goodells sign?
cervical tip softens, hypertrophies, and undergoes increased vascularity at 6 weeks
what happens to breathing as the uterus enlarges?
uterus presses upward and elevates diaphragm
-mild dyspnea
-abd to throacic breathing
what happens to pulse and BP antepartum?
pulse increases
BP decreases
-lowest in 2nd trimester
what happens when the uterus put pressure on the femoral and pelvic vessels?
it disrupts blood flow causing statis in lower extremities
-edema
-varicosities(hemmroids)
-postural hypotension
what is the supine hypotensive syndrome?
when mom lays on her back, uterus presses on vena cava, which reduces blood flow to R atrium and decreases BP
Also known as vena cava syndrome
what causes N/V prenatal in the 1stt trimester?
increased HcG level
smooth muscles relax in stomach
carb metabolism is changed
what can happen antepartum in the mouth?
gum tissue softens
excess salvia (ptyalism)
what causes pyrosis antepartum?
the cardiac spinchter relaxs
what trimesters has increased urinary frquency?
1st and 3rd
what happens to the spine antepartum?
increased lumbosacral curve (lordosis) develops
what does progesterone do?
maintains pregnancy by relaxing smooth muscles
supresses FSH and LH
what does estrogen do?
promotes enlargement of genitals, uterus, breasts, and increased vascularity
what happens to insulin prenatal?
decreases in production
what does oxytocin do?
stimulates contractions
“love hormone”
love and bonding
Pitocin
what can low levels of prostalglandins cause?
hypertesnion
preclampsia
what is
stria gravidarum?
linea nigra?
chloasma?
stretch marks
pigmented line on belly
dark spots on face
what is thw urine protein level?
less than 254mg/24 hr
what happend to hematocrit and hemoglobin prenatal?
they decrease
what is physiological anemia?
increase in plasma causes RBC to be diluted
what are presumptive signs of pregancy?
subjective
-amenorrhea
-N/V
-urinary freq
-breast tenderness
-quickening
what are probable signs of pregancy?
objective
-Goodell, chadwicks, hegar
-braxton hicks
-pigmentation
-stria
-postive pregnancy test
what are positive signs of pregnacy?
fetal heartbeat, movement or visual on US
what is couvade syndrome?
father has impathetic pain
-fatigue
-increased appetite
-difficulty sleeping
how many prenatal visits for…
through week 28?
week 28-36?
week 36-birth?
1 time a month
every 2 weeks
weekly
what is nagele rule?
determines the EDD
1. first day of last menstrual period
2. subtract 3 mon
3. add 7 days
what is the G.T. P.A. L.?
Gravida: number of times being preg
Term: number of term infants born (38-42)
Preterm: number of preterm infants (20-37)
Abortion: number of pregancies ended
Living: number of children living
what are the complications during the 1st trimester?
severe vomiting
chills/fever
diarrhea
burning on urination
vaginal bleeding
abd cramping
what are the 2nd and 3rd trimester complications?
sudden discharge
severe back ache
contractions
vision disturbances
excess swelling
vaginal bleeding
what can increased levels of estrogen and progesterone cause?
nasal stiffiness and epistaxis
breast tenderness
increased vaginal discharge
cervical hyperplasia
increased mucous by endocervical gland
what is the cardiff counting method?
counts fetal movements
(at least 10 movements in 3 hr)
decrease or cessation of movement signals a problem
what are the travel restrictions for a pregant women?
for every 2hr of travel walk 10 min
what immunizations should a pregant women avoid?
live virus vaccines
-rubella
-MMR
-influenza
how do you calculate BMI?
weight(lb) * 703/ height (in) squared
BMI…
underweight
normal weight
overweight
obese
less than 18.5
18.5-25
25-30
greater than 30
what is folic acid and what is the daily recommended amount?
helps to decrease risk of neural tube defects
- spina bifida
400mcg/day
when are ultrasounds normally completed?
12-16 wk
24-28 wk
what is a Nuchal Translucency test (NTT)?
use od ultrasound to screen for down syndrome
-shows thickness on back of neck
-11 weeks
what is a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test? (MsAFP)
screening test fot fetal abnormalities
-low levels result in down syndrome
-high levels result in neural tube defects (NFD)
what is a nonstress test?
noninvasive
done at 28wk
-assess for fetal heart rate during times of fetal movement
if CNS is intact and fetus has oxygen then the fetal heart rate will increase during movement
what is a reactive nonstress result?
bloos flow and oxygen to fetus is adequate
what is a nonreactive nonstress test result?
requires additional testing to see if result is due to poor oxygenation
what is the choronic villus sampling?
removal of small peice of placenta
8-12 weeks
screen for genetic disorders
what is a biophysical profile (BPP)?
used near or at term to assess risk of fetal abnormalities
-ultrasound is used to measure fteal breathing patterns, movement, muscle tone, and volume of amniotic fluid
-nonstress test is performed after to score out of 10
the higher the score the better welll being of the fetus
what is an amniocentesis?
diagnostic test using amniotic fluid
15-16 wk
assess for gentic disorders
can also be done in 3rd trimester for fetal lung maturuty (L/S ratio)
constipation
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
relaxtion of lower bowel, lack of exersize, to little roughage in diet
increase roughage in diet, excersize and fluid
mild laxative or stool softener
Varicose veins
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
relaxing hormones and increased pressure on vascular system
prevent constipation and proper weight gain
cold compree or iced whichhazel and anesthetic ointment for hemmroid
vaginal discharge
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
clear and white is normal, color and odor is infection
strict hygeine and white cotton panties
if infeqtion, doc will presecribe meds
heartburn
-causes
-prevention
-treatment
uterus presses upward on stomach
eat small frequent meals, no spicy or fatty foods, sleep upright if no problems with varicosities
antacid may be presecribed
cramps
-cause
-prevention
-treatment
pressure of baby
drink milk and wear lose clothing
change position, straighten legs and dorsiflex the toes
backache
cause
prevention
poor posture and increased pressure from the weight of the uterus
improve posture and do pelvic tilts
what is colostrum?
yellow secretion from breasts that will convert to milk
what is multipara?
women who has had 2 or more births at more than 20 weeks
what is para?
birth after 20 weeks
what is nullipara?
women who has had no births after 20 weeks
what is primipara?
women who has had 1 birth after 20 weeks
what is parturient?
in labor
what is primigravida?
women who is preg for the 1st time
what is nulligravida?
women who has never been preg
what is multigravida?
preganant multiple times
how much amniotic fluid should there be?
700-1000ml till 38 weeks
what is a contemporary childbirth?
different choices about a patients birth experinence
ex. in water out of water, epidural or no epidural
what are the 6 competencies for the quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN)?
patient centered care
teamwork and collaberation
evidence based practice
quality improvement
safety
informatics
what does a nurse do if a patient refuses treatment?
document
what is a nuclear family?
kids live with biological parents
what is a blended family?
2 parents with biological kids from a previous marriage marry
what is an extended family?
sharing household with parents, grandparents and kids
what is a family whos parents are cohabilitating?
lives together but not married
what is stage 1 of duvalls family cycle?
married couple
-without children
What is stage 2 of duvalls family cycle?
Childbearing families
-oldest child is less than 30 months old
What is stage 3 of duvalls family cycle?
Families with preschool children
-oldest child is 2.5-6 years old
What is stage 4 of duvalls family cycle?
Families with school aged children
-oldest child is 6-13 years old
What is stage 5 of duvalls family cycle?
Families with teenages
-oldest child is 13-20 years old
What is stage 6 of duvalls family cycle?
Families as launching centers
-lasts from when 1st child leaves home until the last child leaves home
What is stage 7 of duvalls family cycle?
Middle aged parents
-last from when all children are moved out until retirement
What is stage 8 of duvalls family cycle?
Aging family
-Retirement until death of both spouse
What is acculturation?
Adapting to a new culture
What is assimulation?
All new culture
What is ethnocentrism?
Ones belief that their culture is only right and superior to everyone elses
What is cultural reiatvism?
Oppisite of ethnocentrism
Affirms the uniqness and value from each culture
What is a magico-religous view of health?
Health is determined by super natural forces, God
Ex. Spontaneous abortion may be believed as a punishment from God
What is a hollistic view of health?
Ilness is due to an imbalnece of natural balence and harmony
-hot and cold therapy
What cultures believe that eye contact is disrespectful?
Asian
Native american
How do you communicate with past thinkers?
Ask direct question
What is complentary therapy?
An adjunct to conventional medical treatment
Ex. Massage or accupuncture
What is the cycle length of a menstruation?
Determined from the 1st day of mensus to the 1st day of the next mensus
-28 days
What is the average amount of flow during a menstruation?
25-60ml
what is premenstrul syndrome (PMS)?
Symptoms in luteal phase (2 weeks before period)
-irritable
-swelling
-craving
-HA
-acne
What is menorrhagia
Excessive bleeding
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful cramps
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial tissue is on the outside of uterus
What is the treatment of endometriosis?
Abdominal hysterectomy
What is coitus interruptes?
Using withdraw (pull out) for a contraceptive
What is the basal body tempreture and what is it used for?
To know when a women is ovulating
-will show a decrease and then a sharp increase when ovulating
-measure every morning
When should a breat examination be done?
1 week after each period
What is prenatal education also known as?
Lamaze
What does estrogen do?
Gives female characteristics
Helps with ovum release
What does preogesterone do?
Maintains the pregnancy
What can help induce labor?
Semen
What is a menarche?
1st menstruation that a female has
What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
Decrease estrogen
Endometrium sheds
What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Endometrium thickens
Estrogen peaks before ovulation
During ovulation temp increases
What is the normal fetal heart rate?
110-160
What does APGAR stand for?
Apperance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respirations
When is the APGAR test given?
1 min after birth
5 min after birth
What is the appearance points of APGAR?
0- pale blue
1-body pink with blue extremities
2- entire body is pink
What is the pulse points for APGAR?
0-no heartbeat
1-less than 100
2- greater than 100
What is the grimace points for APGAR?
Response and reflex
0-no response
1-grimace
2-grimace with pull away, cry, or cough
What is the activity points with APGAR?
Muscle tone
0-loose and floppy
1-arms and legs flexed
2- active motion
What are the respiration points for APGAR?
0-not breathing
1-RR slow and irregular
2-cries well
