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Exam 1 Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Planes

A

Frontal (coronal), sagittal, transverse

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2
Q

Frontal plane

A

Separates each half of the body symmetrically

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3
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separates the front of the body from the back of the body

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4
Q

Transverse plane

A

Separates the top half of the body from the bottom half

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5
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front of body

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6
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Back of body

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7
Q

Superior

A

Towards the head

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8
Q

Inferior

A

Towards the feet

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9
Q

Cranial

A

Relating to the skull

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10
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the back of the skull (neck)

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11
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the front of the skull (forehead/nose)

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the trunk of the body

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13
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the trunk of the body

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Towards the surface of the body

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15
Q

Deep

A

Farther from the surface of the body

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16
Q

Abduction

A

Moving away from body

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17
Q

Adduction

A

Moving closer to body

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18
Q

Adduction

A

Moving closer to the body

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19
Q

Flexion

A

Closing a joint

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20
Q

Extension

A

Opening a joint

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21
Q

Pronation

A

Palm facing down/laying on stomach

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22
Q

Supination

A

Palm facing up/laying on back

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23
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotating a joint towards the midline

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24
Q

External rotation

A

Rotating a joint away from the midline

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25
Q

Circumduction

A

Rotating a joint in a circular motion (circling your wrist or ankle)

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26
Q

Protrusion/Retrusion

A

Sticking out your jaw/pulling it back in

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27
Q

Elevation/Depression

A

Shrugging your shoulders

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28
Q

Integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

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29
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A

protection, thermal regulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production, communication

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30
Q

Skin is the largest

A

organ (7% of BW)

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31
Q

Layers of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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32
Q

The epidermis is composed of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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33
Q

Strength of skin

A

epidermis

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34
Q

There is no ? in epidermis

A

vascularization (relies on dermis for nutrients)

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35
Q

Layers of epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin), stratum corneum

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36
Q

Stratum basale 4 types of cells

A

keratinocytes, merkel cells, macrophages, melanocytes

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37
Q

Keratinocytes

A

makes up epidermis
keratin is a protein made by these
waterproof and strong

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38
Q

Merkel cells

A

sensory receptors that sense light touch

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39
Q

Macrophages

A

ingest debris

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40
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin (dark brown pigment)

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41
Q

Stratum basale is the only layer of the epidermis where cells

A

divide

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42
Q

As new cells are made, old cells are

A

pushed up

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43
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

attached by desmosomes
cells are still alive but no longer divide
strength of epidermis

44
Q

Langerhans cells

A

white blood cells - immune response

45
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

cells begin to die - too far from dermis
grainy appearance

46
Q

Stratum corneum

A

dead cells fill up with keratin
lose nucleus and fuse to squamous sheets

47
Q

It takes 15-30 days for cells to move from

A

stratum basale to stratum corneum

48
Q

It takes 15-30 days for cells to move from ________ and another 2 weeks to shed

A

stratum basale to stratum corneum

49
Q

We lose half a million cells per _________, and 1.5 grams a _______

A

hour, day

50
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

only in thick skin (palms and soles)
between granulosum and corneum
thin layer for UN radiation protection

51
Q

Desquamation

A

shedding of dead skin cells

52
Q

Stratum lucidum tan-colored proteins

A

block melanin from view

53
Q

Conditions of epidermis

A

callous and blisters

54
Q

callous

A

frequent rubbing of one area stimulates cell division

55
Q

blister

A

skin rubbed too hard causes stratum basale to break away from basement layer causing gap to fill with fluid

56
Q

Two types of blisters

A

vesicles and bullae

57
Q

vesicles

A

blisters smaller than 5 mm

58
Q

bullae

A

blisters greater than 5 mm

59
Q

What causes a blister to dry up

A

epidermis is too far from nutrients (dermis)

60
Q

Two types of cells used in skin healing

A

fibroblasts and stem cells

61
Q

fibroblasts

A

make collagen and repair wounds
only present in dermis

62
Q

stem cells

A

allow skin to repair even after serious damage

63
Q

Scars only appear if

A

dermis is excessively damaged

64
Q

Which is easier, making scar tissue or normal tissue

A

normal tissue

65
Q

Individual skin cells do not have a high

A

metabolic rate

66
Q

Dermis two layers

A

papillary and reticular

67
Q

papillary layer is made of

A

LOOSE connective tissue

68
Q

reticular layer is made of

A

DENSE IRREGULAR connective tissue

69
Q

Papillary layer has ridges to create

A

surface area for contact between dermis and epidermis (nutrient and blood supply)

70
Q

Which layer are fingerprints formed in

A

papillary

71
Q

Surgeons make cuts based on

A

lines of cleavage

72
Q

lines of cleavage

A

lines in dermis where scars are less likely if cut

73
Q

The strength of the dermis

A

reticular layer

74
Q

Strongest layer of skin overall

A

epidermis

75
Q

strongest layer of epidermis

A

stratum spinosum

76
Q

Collagen and elastin are formed in

A

reticular layer

77
Q

Reticular layer is where most of the body’s ? is found

A

collagen

78
Q

Stretch marks are caused by

A

tears in collagen

79
Q

Structures of a nail

A

cuticle, lunula, nail matrix, stratum germinativum, phalanx, nail root, proximal nail fold,

80
Q

Cuticle is created by

A

proximal nail fold

81
Q

Cuticle is called the

A

eponychium

82
Q

Lunula

A

half moon shape near cuticle

83
Q

Phalanx

A

bone at fingertip

84
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

skin on fingertip

85
Q

Three types of glands

A

sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine

86
Q

sebaceous glands

A

each hair has one
produce sebum

87
Q

sebum

A

oil that coats hair and epidermis

88
Q

eccrine glands

A

secretes sweat

89
Q

Apocrine glands

A

found in axilla and pubic areas
also mammary glands

90
Q

Glands in axilla and pubic areas secrete a coating to

A

draw secretions to the surface

91
Q

Mammary glands produce

A

milk

92
Q

Pubic hair glands produce

A

pheromones

93
Q

pheromones

A

sexual attraction
menstrual cycle syncing

94
Q

Anihydrosis

A

lack of sweat glands

95
Q

Hyperhydrosis

A

excessive sweating

96
Q

Hair structures

A

arrector pilli, hair papilla, follicle, hair root, hair matrix, sebaceous gland

97
Q

arrector pilli

A

tiny muscles responsible for goosebumps

98
Q

Nervous structures in dermis

A

Meissner’s corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle

99
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

receptors for light touch

100
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

receptors for vibrations/pressure

101
Q

Hypodermis

A

adipose layer

102
Q

functions of hypodermis

A

stores adipose, stores lipids, cushions, insulation from cold

103
Q

Dermatologic conditions

A

cancers, scars depending on lines of cleavage, infetion

104
Q

Danger triangle

A

between eyes to upper teeth

105
Q

The danger triangle got its name because

A

blood drains from this area to the brain so infection here can cause death or meningitis in 24-48 hours

106
Q

Cuts in danger triangle or on cheeks require immediate

A

antibiotics

Exam 1 Anatomy (1 decks)

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