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Circulatory > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Caval opening

A

T8
Inferior vena cava and phrenic nerve

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2
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

T10
Esophagus

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3
Q

Aortic hiatus

A

T12
Thoracic duct
Azygous/hemiazygous veins
Aorta

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4
Q

Diaphragm is innervated by

A

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

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5
Q

The paralyzed portion of the hemidiaphragm _ during inspiration

A

Ascends

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6
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Covers lungs and adherent to all surfaces

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7
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the pulmonary cavity

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8
Q

**Costodiaphragmatic recess

A

“Gutters”
Space where fluid can be pulled

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9
Q

The right primary bronchus is

A

Shorter, wider, and more vertical

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10
Q

The left primary bronchus is

A

Longer, thinner, and more horizontal

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11
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments

A

Discrete anatomical and functional unit
Can be surgically removed without affecting the function of other segments

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12
Q

What provides the nutrition for structures making the root of lung, supporting tissues, and the visceral pleura?

A

The bronchial arteries

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13
Q

Parasympathetics of the lungs and pleura

A

Vagus nerve (motor to smooth muscle, bronchoconstrictor, vasodialator, and secretomotor)

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14
Q

Path of the lymphatics in the lungs

A

superficial: Subpleural lymphatic plexus, bronchopulmonary nodes

Deep: deep bronchopulmonary lymph plexus, intrinsic pulmonary lymph nodes, bronchopulmonary nodes, inferior tracheobronchial nodes, superior tracheobronchial nodes, bronchomediastinal trunk

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15
Q

Lymphatics from the inferior lobe of the left lung drain into

A

The right superior tracheobronchial nodes

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16
Q

Lung development beings as

A

Median outgrowth known as laryngotracheal groove

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17
Q

Endoderm gives rise to

A

Epithelium

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18
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to

A

Cartilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue

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19
Q

The laryngotracheal groove evaginates to form the

A

Laryngotracheal diverticulum

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20
Q

The distal portion of the laryngotracheal diverticulum swells to become

A

The respiratory bud

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21
Q

The respiratory bud divides into right and left bulbs which form

A

The primary bronchial buds

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22
Q

From weeks 5-28

A

Primary bronchial bunds split into secondary and tertiary continuing to divide to form the bronchial tree

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23
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are

A

Functional divisions of the lung (segmental bronchus and pulmonary artery)
Forms in weeks 7/8

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24
Q

Visceral pleura develops from

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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25
Q

Parietal pleura forms from the

A

Somatic mesoderm

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26
Q

As the respiratory diverticulum is developing _ form in the lateral walls

A

Tracheoesophageal folds

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27
Q

The septum divides the foregut into

A

Ventral part- trachea
Dorsal part- esophagus

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28
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Associated with esophageal atresia
Incorrect fusion of the tracheoesophageal folds/septum

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29
Q

Stages of maturation of the lungs

A
  1. Pseudoglandular
  2. Canalicular
  3. Saccular
  4. Alveolar
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30
Q

Pseudoglandular

A

5-17 weeks
Terminal bronchioles formed (everything formed except structures in gas exchange)

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31
Q

Canalicular

A

16-25 weeks
Bronchi and terminal bronchial lumen become larger
Tissues become highly vascularized
Respiratory bronchioles (primordial alveolar ducts)
Terminal sacs
Survival possible after 21 weeks

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32
Q

Saccular stage

A

24 weeks- birth
Many terminal sacs, epithelium becomes thin and vascularized (blood-brain barrier)
Type 1 pneumocyte- gas exchange
Type 2 pneumocyte- produce pulmonary surfactant

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33
Q

Alveolar

A

32 weeks- 8 years
Capillaries budge into alveolar sacs
Alveoli mature and increase in number

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34
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Aka hyaline membrane disease
Lungs underdeveloped and alveoli contain fluid
Chronic intrauterine asphyxia, sepsis, aspiration, pneumonia

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35
Q

Larynx development

A

Weeks 4-10
Develops from endoderm, laryngeal cartilage from 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches, laryngeal muscles from myoblasts in 4th and 6th arches

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36
Q

In larynx formation the mesenchyme at the end of the laryngotracheal tube proliferates to form

A

the arytenoid swelling and the cranial epiglottis
Swelling grow toed tongue (slit like primordial glottis form into T-shaped laryngeal inlet)
Epithelium proliferates temporarily occluding
Recanalization occurs in week 9-10

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37
Q

Position of the larynx in the neonate

A

High position in neck allowing epiglottis to come into contact with soft palate
Separates respiratory and digestive tracts facilitating nursing.

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38
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Similar mechanism of muscle contraction compared to skeletal
Branched cells
Intercalated disks
Exclusively in heart wall
Limited regeneration capacity

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39
Q

Transverse component

A

Fascia adherens and maculae adherens

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40
Q

Lateral component

A

Gap junctions and maculae adherens

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41
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of serous pericardium (mesothelium)
Subepithelial layer (loose CT and adipose) containing coronary vessels and nerves

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42
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiomyocytes (chamber emptying)
Thickest of 3 heart layers

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43
Q

Endocardium

A

Endothelium
Subendothelial layer (dense CT)
Subendocardial layer (contains conduction system of heart)

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44
Q

The fibrous skeleton acts as

A

An electrical insulator

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45
Q

Fibrosa is continuous with

A

Chordae tendinae

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46
Q

Vasculogenesis (fetal process) is driven by

A

VEGF/R

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47
Q

Angiogenesis (formation of new branches from existing vessels) is driven by

A

VEGF/R and Angiopoietin-1/R

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48
Q

Vascular wall maturation is driven by

A

Angiopoietein-1-R
PDGF/R
Myocardin/R

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49
Q

Layers of vasculature

A

Tunica adventitia
Tunica media
Tunica intima

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50
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Longitudinal Collagen fibers
Some elastic fibers
Thickest in vein

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51
Q

Tunica media

A

Circumferentially arranged Smooth muscle
Elastin lamellar, reticular fibers, and proteoglycans
Major component of artery walls (external and internal elastic membrane)

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52
Q

Tunica intima

A

Endothelium and subendothelial layer (loose C.T)

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53
Q

Endothelial function

A

Maintain eye of selective permeability
Maintenance of non-thrombogenic barrier
Regulation of immune response
Modulation of blood flow

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54
Q

Normal position of the heart relative to the midline

A

1/3 to the right
2/3 to the left

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55
Q

What separates the mediastinum into superior and inferior?

A

The sternal angle

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56
Q

Transverse sinus

A

Separates outflow (Aorta and Pulmonary trunk)
From inflow (Superior vena cava)

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57
Q

Barium swallow

A

Opacify the esophagus and determine if it is displaced

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58
Q

The SA node is located

A

at the junction of the crystal terminal is and the SVC

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59
Q

The AV node is located

A

Between opening of the cornonary sinus and the annulus of the tricuspid valve

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60
Q

Diastole

A

Ventral relaxation

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61
Q

2 phases of diastole

A

Passive filling (ventral relaxation)
Active filling (atrial contraction)

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62
Q

Systole

A

Ventricular contraction

63
Q

Valves in diastole

A

Bicuspid and tricuspid open
Pulmonary and aortic valve closed

64
Q

Valves in Systole

A

Bicuspid and tricuspid closed
Pulmonary and aortic valve open

65
Q

Papillary muscle function

A

Prevent blood from flowing back into atria during systole

66
Q

The opening of the valves is_

A

Passive

67
Q

Each papillary muscle connects to _ valve leaflets via chordae tendinae

A

Two

68
Q

Function of the moderator band

A

Ensure coordinated contraction of all three papillary muscles in the right ventricle

69
Q

The cusp creates a

A

Sinus

70
Q

Nodules on the cusps

A

Allow the valve to close completely

71
Q

The heart itself is perfumed during the _ phase of the cardiac cycle

A

DIASTOLIC (only organ perfused during this phase, all other organs perfused during systole)

72
Q

Heart sounds are produced by

A

The snapping shut of the valves

73
Q

S1

A

Luv
Closure of the AV valves
Louder, longer, lower

74
Q

S2

A

Dub
Closure of semilunar valves
Short, high pitch
Can split closure of the aortic and pulmonary closure with deep inspiration

75
Q

S1 and S2 mark

A

The beginning and end of diastole

76
Q

S3

A

Lub-dub-ta
Present with young individuals (disappears with age)
Represents ventricular filling

77
Q

S4

A

Ta-lub-dub
Atrial contraction
Rare

78
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Highest ventricular volume

79
Q

End systolic volume

A

Lowest ventricular volume

80
Q

S1 occurs at

A

the begging of systole

81
Q

S2 occurs at the

A

end of diastole

82
Q

Sound is carried

A

In the direction of blood flow

83
Q

Stenosis

A

Normal direction of flow through a narrowed orifice

84
Q

Regurgitation

A

Retrograde flow due to inadequate valve closure

85
Q

When listening to abnormal heart sounds you must consider

A

Timing and location

86
Q

Abnormal systolic heart sounds

A

Aortic or pulmonary stenosis
Mitral or tricuspid regurgitation

87
Q

Abnormal diastolic heart sounds

A

Early diastolic: pulmonary or aortic regurgitation
Late diastolic: tricuspid or mitral stenosis

88
Q

Continuous abnormal heart sounds

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

89
Q

Physiologic splitting occurs when

A

Taking a deep breath

90
Q

High resting membrane potential cells

A

SA node and AV node
Large gNa/gK

91
Q

Low resting membrane potential

A

Atrial and ventricular working muscle, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Small gNa/gK

92
Q

Working cells

A

Atrial and ventricular muscle
Greatest in number, well organized myofibrils, strong contraction
No pacemaker activity

93
Q

Specialized cells

A

SA node, AV node, His bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Few, poorly organized myofibrils, weak contraction
Pacemaker activity

94
Q

Heart development stages

A

1: heart tube formation
2: heart looping
3: chamber formation

95
Q

Heart tube formation occurs in weeks

A

2-3

96
Q

_ is main outflow tract

A

Truncus arteriosus

97
Q

_ is the main inflow tract

A

sinus venosus

98
Q

Path of heart tube

A

Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbus cordis
Truncus arteriosus

99
Q

Sinus venosus becomes

A

Smooth wall of right atrium
Coronary sinus

100
Q

Atrium becomes

A

Pectinate walls
Auricles of both atria

101
Q

Ventricles become

A

Trabecular walls

102
Q

Bulbus cordis becomes

A

Conus arteriosus
Aortic vestibule

103
Q

Truncus arteriosus becomes

A

Ascending aorta
Pulmonary trunk

104
Q

What embryological structures form the rough walls of the heart?

A

Atrium and ventricle

105
Q

What forms the smooth wall of left atrium?

A

Incorporation of pulmonary veins into cardiac wall
Not part of heart tube

106
Q

The venous system is _ dominant

A

Right side (think superior and inferior vena cava)

107
Q

Arterial system is _ dominant

A

Left side (think descending aorta)

108
Q

3 paired veins drain blood into the _ of the heart tube

A

Sinus venosus

109
Q

3 main types of embryonic veins

A

Cardinal (drain embryonic body, common cardinal formed by combination of anterior and posterior cardinal veins)
Vitelline (drain umbilical vesicle, where the developing intestines are located)
Umbilical (carry oxygenated blood from placenta)

110
Q

As the kidneys develop, posterior cardinal veins anastomose centrally and are mostly replaced by _ and _

A

Subcardinal and supracardinal veins

111
Q

The anterior cardinal veins combine to form

A

The left brachiocephalic vein

112
Q

The right anterior cardinal vein forms

A

Part of the SVC

113
Q

The left anterior cardinal vein

A

Degenerates

114
Q

Common cardinal veins become
right=
Left=

A

Right= part of SVC
Left= coronary sinus, cardiac veins

115
Q

The subcardinal veins form

A

The renal veins and gonadal veins

116
Q

The right subcardinal veins become

A

Part of IVC

117
Q

The left subcardinal veins

A

Degenerate

118
Q

The right supracardinal veins become

A

Part of IVC, azygos veins

119
Q

The left supracardinal veins become

A

Hemiazygos vein

120
Q

The right posterior cardinal veins become

A

Part of IVC

121
Q

The left posterior cardinal veins

A

Degenerates

122
Q

Vitelline veins connect to

A

Developing hepatic sinusoids to drain developing intestines

123
Q

As the liver developes _ lose their connection with the heart

A

Umbilical veins (a single large umbilical vein shunts blood directly to the heart, ductus venosus, to bypass liver)

124
Q

The right Vitelline vein becomes

A

Part of IVC, hepatic portal system and the ductus venosus

125
Q

The left Vitelline veins

A

Degenerates

126
Q

The right umbilical vein

A

Degenerates

127
Q

The left umbilical vein becomes

A

Ductus venosus, umbilical vein entering fetus from placenta

128
Q

Left SVC

A

Left anterior cardinal vein persists instead of the right

129
Q

Double SVC

A

Entirety of both anterior cardinal veins persist

130
Q

Double IVC

A

Often restricted at and below renal segment, entirety of left supracardinal vein persists

131
Q

The 5 paired arteries carry blood from the _ of the heart tube to developing tissues

A

Truncus arteriosus

132
Q

5 paired arteries

A

Dorsal aorta
Intersegmental arteries
Vitelline arteries
Umbilical arteries (carry deoxygenated blood to placenta)
Aortic arches= pharyngeal arch arteries (arise from aortic sac, labeled 1,2,3,4,6)

133
Q

Most embryonic arteries

A

Persist

134
Q

The left and right dorsal aorta becomes

A

Descending aorta

135
Q

The left and right intersegmental arteries become

A

vertebral, intercostal arteries

136
Q

The vitilline arteries supply

A

Blood to the GI tract

137
Q

The umbilical arteries

A

Reform again after birth

138
Q

The Truncus arteriosus forms

A

Outflow tracts

139
Q

The aortic sac form

A

the beginning arch of the aorta

140
Q

The dorsal aorta fuse and form

A

each arch of the aorta and descending aorta

141
Q

the 3rd aortic arch forms

A

Common carotid arteries

142
Q

The right 4th pharyngeal arch forms

A

The right subclavian artery

143
Q

The left 4th pharyngeal arch forms

A

Middle arch of the aorta

144
Q

The right 6th pharyngeal arch forms the

A

Right pulmonary artery

145
Q

The left 6th pharyngeal arch forms the

A

Left pulmonary artery, ductus arteriosus

146
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Shunt between pulmonary trunk and arch of aorta
Kept open by prostaglandins in utero (prostaglandin inhibitors can assist in constriction in premature neonates)

147
Q

Aberrant right subclavian artery

A

Right 4th aortic arch and cranial region of right dorsal aorta regress

148
Q

Double aortic arch

A

Right dorsal aorta does not fully fuse with left side
Forms vascular ring around trachea and esophagus

149
Q

Heart looping occurs

A

In week 5

150
Q

The heart bends to form a C-shaped

A

Bulboventricular loop

151
Q

2 endocardial cushions form on opposite sides of common AV canal

A

Ventral endocardial cushion
Dorsal endocardial cushion

152
Q

Steps of Dividing the common atrium

A

Septum primum (foramen primum allows shunting of blood between left and right atrium)
Foramen secundum (forms on right side)
Primordial interatrial septum
Septum secundum grows
Septum secundum overlaps septum primum and foramen secundum= intratrial septum with communication I open ending is foramen ovals)

153
Q

Steps of dividing outflow tracts and common ventricle

A

Bulbar (inferior) ridges and truncus ridges form from neural crest cells (called conotrucal ridges)
Muscular intraventricular septum grows (opening called interventricular foramen)
A 180 spiral forms and the conotrucal ridges fuse (due to cell signaling and streaming of blood through ventricles)=aorticopulmonary septum
Membranous interventricular septum
Muscular and membranous interventricular septa fuse together
Cavitation of ventricle walls forms trabeculae carnae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae

154
Q

Coronary artery development

A

Stem cells from the liver migrate to heat tube
Grow toward truncus arteriosus to form peritruncal capillary ring
By week 7 these become right and left coronary arteries

Circulatory (2 decks)

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