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Sociology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Explains the variation in social life using categories that vary in NUMERICAL amounts EX: How many…
Survey is the most common type of research

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2
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Methods used to collect information not readily converted to numerical form.
Designed to capture social life as participants experience it rather than in categories predetermined by researcher

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3
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree to which a researcher may claim their SAMPLE findings inform us about the larger social world
EX: political polls

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4
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which the study:

  1. measures what it is intended to measure
  2. provides an accurate account of the social world
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5
Q

Reliability

A

Likelihood of getting the same results if a study was replicated

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6
Q

Types of Surveys

A

Interviews
Participant - Observation
Experiments

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7
Q

Interviews

A

Qualitative method of a survey gathering information via a set of open-ended questions - much like a conversation

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8
Q

Participant-Observation

A

Qualitative survey technique by which reserchers observe people and interact with them in their normal environment
An attempt to see the social world as research subjects see themselves

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9
Q

Eperiments

A

Research technique for answering questions about the effect one variable on another under conditions that can be manipulated by the researcher
Not common in Sociology

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10
Q

Ethics

A

Inherent to research studies

Does the knowledge gained form the research outweigh potential effects on research subjects

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11
Q

Zimbardo

A

Prison Experiment at Stanford University

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12
Q

Social Constructs

A

fundamental tenet of society

influence our idea of who people should be/how they should act

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13
Q

Sociology

A

understanding social behaviors, where they orginated and the consequences of them
images/stereotypes that come to mind of how structures should act
institutions: intangibles, influenced by structures

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14
Q

Social Construction of Reality

A

everything in our society is socially constructed (media)

nothing has an entirely objective story

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15
Q

Sociologists try to understand…

A

How individuals reproduce social constructs EX: classroom settings

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16
Q

Sociological imagination

A

connecting history to biography (personal lives)
not assuming things are universal/normal but come from structural elements
Social interactions are influeced by social forces

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17
Q

Troubles

A

individual manifestations of issues

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18
Q

Issues

A

Social/society as a whole, issues cause individual troubles

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19
Q

Internal Contradiction

A

no control over the social world, yet we feel we can do whatever we want if we try hard enough

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20
Q

Social Change

A

forces us to question common sense and/or universally moral

makes us question what we thought the world was like

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21
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which internalize the values, beliefs and norms of a given society; social skills

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22
Q

Limitations to Socialization

A

Can be socialized generally but not in a new situation

Nature vs. Nurture

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23
Q

Human Nature

A

Socialization teaches you when and where to perform biological functions
EX: where to go to the bathroom

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24
Q

The Self

A

individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person,
The “I” - one’s sense of agency action or power
Other: someone or something outside of self
Infants can’t distinguish
Depends on what others do to you/view you as/tell you

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25
Q

Socialization toward self

A

requires input from others associate with unique sounds to help separate them from others
There are subjects AND objects

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26
Q

Reflexive Self

A

Passive, happens without thinking

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27
Q

Forms of Socialization - Anticipatory

A

basic, formative instruction taught to young children

Things you know they need for the future/ basic skills

28
Q

Forms of Socialization - Observation

A

Children know the meaning of their environment by learning the way other people act toward them
EX: could use a table in a very different way in a different society

29
Q

Forms of Socialization - Role Taking

A

The ability to use other people’s perspectives and expectations in formulating their own behavior
EX: parents’ political views when young but change when you go to college

30
Q

Socialization

A

no longer a universal set of rules
life not as simple as it seemed b/c not everyone thinks like you
different expectations when in different roles that we assume in the social world

31
Q

Resocialization

A

radically leave behind old social contexts and roles and enter new ones
Must learn new set of values, norms, expectations, and skills

32
Q

Agents of Socialization

A 
Families
School
Peers
Media
Adult Socialization
33
Q

Individuals changing society

A

only products of socialization, but individuals have agency -> one person can have a huge impact

34
Q

Social change

A

Agency on small individual scale and on large collective scale
Results form the emergence of new values/norms/ideas/institutions
Conflict between these causes conflicting factions which often lead to social change - increments

35
Q

Requirements of Capitalist Production

A

Means of Production
Class
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat

36
Q

Means of Production

A

raw materials and technology required to create goods/services with the exception of human labor

37
Q

Class

A

group of people who share a particular relationship to the means of production

38
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

the ruling class

39
Q

Proleteriat

A

the working class

40
Q

Relations of Production

A

Bourgeoisie can overrule the vote of the proletariat and structure society in a way that protects their interests
They have inherently different interests

41
Q

Capitalism according to Marx

A

warps human values b/c it commodifies/objectified and exploited them

42
Q

False Consciousness

A

Process by which workers accept exploitation as normative and even if they are unhappy with consequences, they fail to question it’s normal and remain apathetic

43
Q

Alienation

A

Condition in which those who work create and external world which they perceive as an “objective reality” that has the power to dominate their lives instead of a product of their own creation which they have the POWER to CHANGE

44
Q

4 Types of Alienation

A
  1. From Product
  2. From Process
  3. From Co-Workers
  4. From Self
45
Q

Alienation from Product

A 
The thing which the worker produces is used for the profit of the owning class and more power to the owner
EX: Making a product that is for someone else and therefore the maker is distant from it
46
Q

Alienation from Process

A

Workers’ labor is used for someone else, often boring and seems meaningless

47
Q

Alienation from Co-Workers

A

Value of things and profit over people

Sense of competition to get promotions, distance from peers

48
Q

Alienation from Self

A

not realizing full potential which is the purpose of human existence
all time is being spent for someone else’s gain

49
Q

Historical Materialism

A

Class consciousness and revolution (evolves into communism) will eradicate capitalist (just a stage in history)
Notion of ownership not conclusive to communism b/c its not communal

50
Q

Second Way Capitalism

A

to remain competitive owners will have to buy technology that is more efficient in completing jobs than humans -> will burn itself out

51
Q

Weber’s Divergence from Marx

A

Class is a factor but not the primary determinant

52
Q

Status Group

A

Social positions in which there is reciprocal recognition of each other by members of the group
EX: racial, professions, gender, religion, etc
GREATER source of conflict than class, more about lifestyles
NOT a “Party” - a choice according to political agendas

53
Q

Weber Disagrees with Marx

A

Capitalism - defined purely by profit being an end in itself
This drive is not inherent to capitalism b/c it doesnt result from a purely practical motive,rooted in a religious/moral code

54
Q

Spirit of Capitalism

A

Attitude towards work as a worthy pursuit which is rewarded by economic prosperity;
Secular view of the protestant ethic

55
Q

Weber on the Spirit of Capitalism

A

manifests in greedy behavior, is a religious tenant that preaches making as much money as one can is ones moral/spiritual responsibility

56
Q

The Protestant Ethic

A

Calvinist thought that each person’s afterlife was pre-determined (Heaven/hell) before birth and nothing that a person could do in their life would change that
Good- Make $ for the glory of God
Bad - No $
The moral rightness of profit-seeking resulted from God’s sanction and its sheer devotion to God

57
Q

Spirit of Capitalism vs Protestant Ethic

A

Spirit: secular terms
Protestant: Exhibit these qualities to please God

58
Q

Power

A

maintain with the compliance and cooperation of those whom they exercise it through exclusive clubs, education,

59
Q

Weber on Power

A

People aren’t overpowered, when oppressed but dominated b/c domination includes components of compliance and cooperation; neglect to challenge social groups and just go along with the status quo

60
Q

Types of Domination

A

Traditional
Charismatic
Rational-legal

61
Q

Social Change

A

occurs within the system through charismatic leaders

62
Q

Rationalization

A

Regularities and patters of action within civilizations, institutions, organizations, strata, classes and groups;
Action in accord with some processes of externalized systematization

63
Q

Bureaucracy

A

Ideal form of rationalization
Agministrative system in which people are selected and promoted to positions on the basis of training and experience as opposed to personal connections

64
Q

Formal Rationality Systems

A 
Calculability
Efficiency
Predictability
Replacement of Human w/Non-Human Technology
Control
Irrational Consequences
65
Q

Iron Cage

A

Oppressive regulation and systematic administration fostered by rationalization

Sociology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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