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Sociology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Explains the variation in social life using categories that vary in NUMERICAL amounts EX: How many…
Survey is the most common type of research

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2
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Methods used to collect information not readily converted to numerical form.
Designed to capture social life as participants experience it rather than in categories predetermined by researcher

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3
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree to which a researcher may claim their SAMPLE findings inform us about the larger social world
EX: political polls

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4
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which the study:

  1. measures what it is intended to measure
  2. provides an accurate account of the social world
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5
Q

Reliability

A

Likelihood of getting the same results if a study was replicated

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6
Q

Types of Surveys

A

Interviews
Participant - Observation
Experiments

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7
Q

Interviews

A

Qualitative method of a survey gathering information via a set of open-ended questions - much like a conversation

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8
Q

Participant-Observation

A

Qualitative survey technique by which reserchers observe people and interact with them in their normal environment
An attempt to see the social world as research subjects see themselves

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9
Q

Eperiments

A

Research technique for answering questions about the effect one variable on another under conditions that can be manipulated by the researcher
Not common in Sociology

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10
Q

Ethics

A

Inherent to research studies

Does the knowledge gained form the research outweigh potential effects on research subjects

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11
Q

Zimbardo

A

Prison Experiment at Stanford University

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12
Q

Social Constructs

A

fundamental tenet of society

influence our idea of who people should be/how they should act

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13
Q

Sociology

A

understanding social behaviors, where they orginated and the consequences of them
images/stereotypes that come to mind of how structures should act
institutions: intangibles, influenced by structures

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14
Q

Social Construction of Reality

A

everything in our society is socially constructed (media)

nothing has an entirely objective story

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15
Q

Sociologists try to understand…

A

How individuals reproduce social constructs EX: classroom settings

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16
Q

Sociological imagination

A

connecting history to biography (personal lives)
not assuming things are universal/normal but come from structural elements
Social interactions are influeced by social forces

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17
Q

Troubles

A

individual manifestations of issues

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18
Q

Issues

A

Social/society as a whole, issues cause individual troubles

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19
Q

Internal Contradiction

A

no control over the social world, yet we feel we can do whatever we want if we try hard enough

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20
Q

Social Change

A

forces us to question common sense and/or universally moral

makes us question what we thought the world was like

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21
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which internalize the values, beliefs and norms of a given society; social skills

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22
Q

Limitations to Socialization

A

Can be socialized generally but not in a new situation

Nature vs. Nurture

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23
Q

Human Nature

A

Socialization teaches you when and where to perform biological functions
EX: where to go to the bathroom

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24
Q

The Self

A

individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person,
The “I” - one’s sense of agency action or power
Other: someone or something outside of self
Infants can’t distinguish
Depends on what others do to you/view you as/tell you

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25
Socialization toward self
requires input from others associate with unique sounds to help separate them from others There are subjects AND objects
26
Reflexive Self
Passive, happens without thinking
27
Forms of Socialization - Anticipatory
basic, formative instruction taught to young children | Things you know they need for the future/ basic skills
28
Forms of Socialization - Observation
Children know the meaning of their environment by learning the way other people act toward them EX: could use a table in a very different way in a different society
29
Forms of Socialization - Role Taking
The ability to use other people's perspectives and expectations in formulating their own behavior EX: parents' political views when young but change when you go to college
30
Socialization
no longer a universal set of rules life not as simple as it seemed b/c not everyone thinks like you different expectations when in different roles that we assume in the social world
31
Resocialization
radically leave behind old social contexts and roles and enter new ones Must learn new set of values, norms, expectations, and skills
32
Agents of Socialization
``` Families School Peers Media Adult Socialization ```
33
Individuals changing society
only products of socialization, but individuals have agency -> one person can have a huge impact
34
Social change
Agency on small individual scale and on large collective scale Results form the emergence of new values/norms/ideas/institutions Conflict between these causes conflicting factions which often lead to social change - increments
35
Requirements of Capitalist Production
Means of Production Class Bourgeoisie Proletariat
36
Means of Production
raw materials and technology required to create goods/services with the exception of human labor
37
Class
group of people who share a particular relationship to the means of production
38
Bourgeoisie
the ruling class
39
Proleteriat
the working class
40
Relations of Production
Bourgeoisie can overrule the vote of the proletariat and structure society in a way that protects their interests They have inherently different interests
41
Capitalism according to Marx
warps human values b/c it commodifies/objectified and exploited them
42
False Consciousness
Process by which workers accept exploitation as normative and even if they are unhappy with consequences, they fail to question it's normal and remain apathetic
43
Alienation
Condition in which those who work create and external world which they perceive as an "objective reality" that has the power to dominate their lives instead of a product of their own creation which they have the POWER to CHANGE
44
4 Types of Alienation
1. From Product 2. From Process 3. From Co-Workers 4. From Self
45
Alienation from Product
``` The thing which the worker produces is used for the profit of the owning class and more power to the owner EX: Making a product that is for someone else and therefore the maker is distant from it ```
46
Alienation from Process
Workers' labor is used for someone else, often boring and seems meaningless
47
Alienation from Co-Workers
Value of things and profit over people | Sense of competition to get promotions, distance from peers
48
Alienation from Self
not realizing full potential which is the purpose of human existence all time is being spent for someone else's gain
49
Historical Materialism
Class consciousness and revolution (evolves into communism) will eradicate capitalist (just a stage in history) Notion of ownership not conclusive to communism b/c its not communal
50
Second Way Capitalism
to remain competitive owners will have to buy technology that is more efficient in completing jobs than humans -> will burn itself out
51
Weber's Divergence from Marx
Class is a factor but not the primary determinant
52
Status Group
Social positions in which there is reciprocal recognition of each other by members of the group EX: racial, professions, gender, religion, etc GREATER source of conflict than class, more about lifestyles NOT a "Party" - a choice according to political agendas
53
Weber Disagrees with Marx
Capitalism - defined purely by profit being an end in itself This drive is not inherent to capitalism b/c it doesnt result from a purely practical motive,rooted in a religious/moral code
54
Spirit of Capitalism
Attitude towards work as a worthy pursuit which is rewarded by economic prosperity; Secular view of the protestant ethic
55
Weber on the Spirit of Capitalism
manifests in greedy behavior, is a religious tenant that preaches making as much money as one can is ones moral/spiritual responsibility
56
The Protestant Ethic
Calvinist thought that each person's afterlife was pre-determined (Heaven/hell) before birth and nothing that a person could do in their life would change that Good- Make $ for the glory of God Bad - No $ The moral rightness of profit-seeking resulted from God's sanction and its sheer devotion to God
57
Spirit of Capitalism vs Protestant Ethic
Spirit: secular terms Protestant: Exhibit these qualities to please God
58
Power
maintain with the compliance and cooperation of those whom they exercise it through exclusive clubs, education,
59
Weber on Power
People aren't overpowered, when oppressed but dominated b/c domination includes components of compliance and cooperation; neglect to challenge social groups and just go along with the status quo
60
Types of Domination
Traditional Charismatic Rational-legal
61
Social Change
occurs within the system through charismatic leaders
62
Rationalization
Regularities and patters of action within civilizations, institutions, organizations, strata, classes and groups; Action in accord with some processes of externalized systematization
63
Bureaucracy
Ideal form of rationalization Agministrative system in which people are selected and promoted to positions on the basis of training and experience as opposed to personal connections
64
Formal Rationality Systems
``` Calculability Efficiency Predictability Replacement of Human w/Non-Human Technology Control Irrational Consequences ```
65
Iron Cage
Oppressive regulation and systematic administration fostered by rationalization

Sociology Exam 1 (1 decks)

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