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Physical Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

study of language, how language is structured, evolution of language

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2
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past

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3
Q

Archaeology

A

the study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past, such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived

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4
Q

Physical Anthropology

A

study of human evolution and variation, both past and current

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5
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

scientific explanation of skeletons in hope of identifying the people whose body they came from

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6
Q

Primatology

A

study of nonhuman primates

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7
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

study of ancient humans

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8
Q

Natural Selection

A

organisms with certain features that help them survive, will reproduce with those features to make more of them. Nature selects individuals–the hairier or the long fingered or the 6th fingered or the heavy beaked… but overall, the population CHANGES. Works on the individual.

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9
Q

Sexual Selection

A

frequency of traits that change due to those traits attractiveness to members of the opposite sex

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10
Q

Lamarck

A

proposed theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on acquired traits during its lifetime. When life-forms reproduce, they pass on to their offspring the modifications they have acquired to that point.

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11
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

founded demography - only some will find enough food to survive

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12
Q

Linnaeus

A

responsible for higher classification of species (genus)

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13
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

X-ray diffraction, he produced high quality images

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14
Q

Scientific Method

A

gather data, make hypothesis, test, conclude

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15
Q

Amino Acids

A

molecules combined to form a protein.

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16
Q

Autosomes

A

all chromosomes, except sex, that occurs in pairs in somatic cell

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17
Q

DNA

A

double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organ consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose, sugar, and 4 types of nitrogen

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18
Q

Genetics/gene

A

the basic unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coded to produce a specific protein

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19
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

each pair of chromosomes has the same genes, but the pair may have different alleles for specific genes

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20
Q

Meiosis

A

division of sex cells

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

division of somatic cells

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22
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

a kind of miniature chromosomes containing 37 genes from the mother

23
Q

Mutation

A

random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism

24
Q

Nondisjunction

A

failure of chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating same gametes w/abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Cell divides incorrectly, end up with extra chromosome

25
Q

Nucleotide

A

building block of RNA & DNA, comprised of sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the 4 nitrogen bases

26
Q

Nucleus

A

a membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

27
Q

Protein Synthesis (2 steps)

A
  • Transcription: creation mRNA based on the DNA template

- Translation: transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes which are then added to the protein chain

28
Q

Ribosomes

A

the organelles attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum. The site of protein synthesis

29
Q

Recombination

A

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

30
Q

Replication

A

process of copying nucleus DNA prior to cell division so that each new daughter cell receives or completes compliment of DNA

31
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

the pair of chromosomes that determine an organism’s biological sex

32
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues

33
Q

Tay Sachs

A

occurs when the body lacks hexosaminidase A, a protein called gangliosides. common in the Jewish population, disease of the nervous system.

34
Q

Somatic Cells

A

diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism’s body

35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which the organelles are suspended

36
Q

X chromosomes

A

larger of the two, contains genetic material that determines both male and female characteristics

37
Q

Y chromosomes

A

contains a small amount of genetic material, which determines only male characteristics. passed from father to son

38
Q

Monogenic

A

involving or controlled by a single gene. For example: ear lobes, earwax, hitch hikers thumb.

39
Q

Polygenic

A

refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes. For example: skin pigment, eye color.

40
Q

Dominant

A

refers to an allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present

41
Q

Codominance

A

refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygygote’s phenotype

42
Q

Sex cells/Gametes

A

sexual reproductive cells, ova, and sperm that have a haploid number of chromosome and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism

43
Q

Genotypes

A

the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles of a given gene

44
Q

Hemizygous

A

not having a homologue, not paired in a diploid cell. This is how we refer to the XY of males–they can never be homozygous for recessive traits and so they are hemi (half) zygous and therefore express ALL x-linked recessive traits.

45
Q

Heterozygous

A

refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

46
Q

Homozygous

A

refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same

47
Q

Phenotypes

A

the physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment

48
Q

Principle of Independent Assortment

A

genes are inherited differently from one another (assorted independently). Each physical unit (gene) passes from parent to offspring independent of other physical units.

49
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

genes occur in pairs, during meiosis genes separate or segregate, at fertilization the full compliment is restored. This is how we begin with 46 chromosomes but during gamete production they split and segregate into different sex cells

50
Q

Punnett Squares

A

shows possible gene/allele combinations

51
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype if two copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is present

52
Q

Fitness

A

average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype. Survivability of traits

53
Q

Founder’s Effect

A

will express positive and negative traits. Genes you start off with will or what will be passed down. Genes in a founding population

54
Q

Pre-scientific ideas

A

ideas about things being structured by belief, don’t rely on imperialism

Physical Anthropology (2 decks)

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