Exam 1

Question 1

Linguistic Anthropology

Answer 1

study of language, how language is structured, evolution of language

Question 2

Cultural Anthropology

Answer 2

study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past

Question 3

Archaeology

Answer 3

the study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past, such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived

Question 4

Physical Anthropology

Answer 4

study of human evolution and variation, both past and current

Question 5

Forensic Anthropology

Answer 5

scientific explanation of skeletons in hope of identifying the people whose body they came from

Question 6

Primatology

Answer 6

study of nonhuman primates

Question 7

Paleoanthropology

Answer 7

study of ancient humans

Question 8

Natural Selection

Answer 8

organisms with certain features that help them survive, will reproduce with those features to make more of them. Nature selects individuals–the hairier or the long fingered or the 6th fingered or the heavy beaked… but overall, the population CHANGES. Works on the individual.

Question 9

Sexual Selection

Answer 9

frequency of traits that change due to those traits attractiveness to members of the opposite sex

Question 10

Lamarck

Answer 10

proposed theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on acquired traits during its lifetime. When life-forms reproduce, they pass on to their offspring the modifications they have acquired to that point.

Question 11

Thomas Malthus

Answer 11

founded demography - only some will find enough food to survive

Question 12

Linnaeus

Answer 12

responsible for higher classification of species (genus)

Question 13

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 13

X-ray diffraction, he produced high quality images

Question 14

Scientific Method

Answer 14

gather data, make hypothesis, test, conclude

Question 15

Amino Acids

Answer 15

molecules combined to form a protein.

Question 16

Autosomes

Answer 16

all chromosomes, except sex, that occurs in pairs in somatic cell

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organ consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose, sugar, and 4 types of nitrogen

Question 18

Genetics/gene

Answer 18

the basic unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coded to produce a specific protein

Question 19

Homologous chromosome

Answer 19

each pair of chromosomes has the same genes, but the pair may have different alleles for specific genes

Question 20

Meiosis

Answer 20

division of sex cells

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

division of somatic cells

Question 22

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 22

a kind of miniature chromosomes containing 37 genes from the mother

Question 23

Mutation

Answer 23

random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism

Question 24

Nondisjunction

Answer 24

failure of chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating same gametes w/abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Cell divides incorrectly, end up with extra chromosome

Question 25

Nucleotide

Answer 25

building block of RNA & DNA, comprised of sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the 4 nitrogen bases

Question 26

Nucleus

Answer 26

a membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material

Question 27

Protein Synthesis (2 steps)

Answer 27

• Transcription: creation mRNA based on the DNA template

- Translation: transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes which are then added to the protein chain

Question 28

Ribosomes

Answer 28

the organelles attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum. The site of protein synthesis

Question 29

Recombination

Answer 29

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

Question 30

Replication

Answer 30

process of copying nucleus DNA prior to cell division so that each new daughter cell receives or completes compliment of DNA

Question 31

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 31

the pair of chromosomes that determine an organism’s biological sex

Question 32

Sickle Cell Anemia

Answer 32

a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues

Question 33

Tay Sachs

Answer 33

occurs when the body lacks hexosaminidase A, a protein called gangliosides. common in the Jewish population, disease of the nervous system.

Question 34

Somatic Cells

Answer 34

diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism’s body

Question 35

Cytoplasm

Answer 35

the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which the organelles are suspended

Question 36

X chromosomes

Answer 36

larger of the two, contains genetic material that determines both male and female characteristics

Question 37

Y chromosomes

Answer 37

contains a small amount of genetic material, which determines only male characteristics. passed from father to son

Question 38

Monogenic

Answer 38

involving or controlled by a single gene. For example: ear lobes, earwax, hitch hikers thumb.

Question 39

Polygenic

Answer 39

refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes. For example: skin pigment, eye color.

Question 40

Dominant

Answer 40

refers to an allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present

Question 41

Codominance

Answer 41

refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygygote’s phenotype

Question 42

Sex cells/Gametes

Answer 42

sexual reproductive cells, ova, and sperm that have a haploid number of chromosome and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism

Question 43

Genotypes

Answer 43

the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles of a given gene

Question 44

Hemizygous

Answer 44

not having a homologue, not paired in a diploid cell. This is how we refer to the XY of males–they can never be homozygous for recessive traits and so they are hemi (half) zygous and therefore express ALL x-linked recessive traits.

Question 45

Heterozygous

Answer 45

refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

Question 46

Homozygous

Answer 46

refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same

Question 47

Phenotypes

Answer 47

the physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment

Question 48

Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer 48

genes are inherited differently from one another (assorted independently). Each physical unit (gene) passes from parent to offspring independent of other physical units.

Question 49

Principle of Segregation

Answer 49

genes occur in pairs, during meiosis genes separate or segregate, at fertilization the full compliment is restored. This is how we begin with 46 chromosomes but during gamete production they split and segregate into different sex cells

Question 50

Punnett Squares

Answer 50

shows possible gene/allele combinations

Question 51

Recessive

Answer 51

An allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype if two copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is present

Question 52

Fitness

Answer 52

average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype. Survivability of traits

Question 53

Founder’s Effect

Answer 53

will express positive and negative traits. Genes you start off with will or what will be passed down. Genes in a founding population

Question 54

Pre-scientific ideas

Answer 54

ideas about things being structured by belief, don’t rely on imperialism