Exam 1 Flashcards
Linguistic Anthropology
study of language, how language is structured, evolution of language
Cultural Anthropology
study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past
Archaeology
the study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past, such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived
Physical Anthropology
study of human evolution and variation, both past and current
Forensic Anthropology
scientific explanation of skeletons in hope of identifying the people whose body they came from
Primatology
study of nonhuman primates
Paleoanthropology
study of ancient humans
Natural Selection
organisms with certain features that help them survive, will reproduce with those features to make more of them. Nature selects individuals–the hairier or the long fingered or the 6th fingered or the heavy beaked… but overall, the population CHANGES. Works on the individual.
Sexual Selection
frequency of traits that change due to those traits attractiveness to members of the opposite sex
Lamarck
proposed theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on acquired traits during its lifetime. When life-forms reproduce, they pass on to their offspring the modifications they have acquired to that point.
Thomas Malthus
founded demography - only some will find enough food to survive
Linnaeus
responsible for higher classification of species (genus)
Rosalind Franklin
X-ray diffraction, he produced high quality images
Scientific Method
gather data, make hypothesis, test, conclude
Amino Acids
molecules combined to form a protein.
Autosomes
all chromosomes, except sex, that occurs in pairs in somatic cell
DNA
double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organ consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose, sugar, and 4 types of nitrogen
Genetics/gene
the basic unit of inheritance, a sequence of DNA on a chromosome coded to produce a specific protein
Homologous chromosome
each pair of chromosomes has the same genes, but the pair may have different alleles for specific genes
Meiosis
division of sex cells
Mitosis
division of somatic cells
Mitochondrial DNA
a kind of miniature chromosomes containing 37 genes from the mother
Mutation
random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism
Nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating same gametes w/abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Cell divides incorrectly, end up with extra chromosome
Nucleotide
building block of RNA & DNA, comprised of sugar, a phosphate group, and one of the 4 nitrogen bases
Nucleus
a membrane bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material
Protein Synthesis (2 steps)
- Transcription: creation mRNA based on the DNA template
- Translation: transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes which are then added to the protein chain
Ribosomes
the organelles attached to the surface of endoplasmic reticulum. The site of protein synthesis
Recombination
the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
Replication
process of copying nucleus DNA prior to cell division so that each new daughter cell receives or completes compliment of DNA
Sex Chromosomes
the pair of chromosomes that determine an organism’s biological sex
Sickle Cell Anemia
a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues
Tay Sachs
occurs when the body lacks hexosaminidase A, a protein called gangliosides. common in the Jewish population, disease of the nervous system.
Somatic Cells
diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism’s body
Cytoplasm
the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which the organelles are suspended
X chromosomes
larger of the two, contains genetic material that determines both male and female characteristics
Y chromosomes
contains a small amount of genetic material, which determines only male characteristics. passed from father to son
Monogenic
involving or controlled by a single gene. For example: ear lobes, earwax, hitch hikers thumb.
Polygenic
refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes. For example: skin pigment, eye color.
Dominant
refers to an allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present
Codominance
refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygygote’s phenotype
Sex cells/Gametes
sexual reproductive cells, ova, and sperm that have a haploid number of chromosome and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism
Genotypes
the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles of a given gene
Hemizygous
not having a homologue, not paired in a diploid cell. This is how we refer to the XY of males–they can never be homozygous for recessive traits and so they are hemi (half) zygous and therefore express ALL x-linked recessive traits.
Heterozygous
refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different
Homozygous
refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same
Phenotypes
the physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment
Principle of Independent Assortment
genes are inherited differently from one another (assorted independently). Each physical unit (gene) passes from parent to offspring independent of other physical units.
Principle of Segregation
genes occur in pairs, during meiosis genes separate or segregate, at fertilization the full compliment is restored. This is how we begin with 46 chromosomes but during gamete production they split and segregate into different sex cells
Punnett Squares
shows possible gene/allele combinations
Recessive
An allele that is expressed in an organism’s phenotype if two copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is present
Fitness
average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype. Survivability of traits
Founder’s Effect
will express positive and negative traits. Genes you start off with will or what will be passed down. Genes in a founding population
Pre-scientific ideas
ideas about things being structured by belief, don’t rely on imperialism
