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BIO 240 (Molecular Genetics) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Model Organism: yeast S. cerevisiae

A

Cell division mechanisms
Chromosome nondisjunction
Spindle formation

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2
Q

Model Organism: flies D. melanogaster

A

Body patterning
Behavior
Neuro-development

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3
Q

Model Organism: worms C. elegans

A

Embryogenesis
Cell Fate
Cell Death/Apoptosis

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4
Q

Model Organism: fish D. rerio

A

Embryogenesis
Neuro-development
Organ development

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5
Q

Model Organism: mice M. musculs

A

Neurodegenerative diseases
Immunology
Cancer

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6
Q

Model Organism: E. coli

A

DNA replication mechanism
Gene regulation
Protein synthesis

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7
Q

Desirable characteristics of model organisms

A

short life cycle
large number of offspring
easily and inexpensively grown in small space
features that correspond to a variety of organisms
genomic DNA that can be sequenced

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8
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Model Organisms

A

controlled environment
learn about common genes
different species may have same diseases that can be studied

not all species are identical, so results can be invalid or unusable

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9
Q

Advantage of variation

A

natural selection/evolution. Allows species to become better adapted if their genotypes vary over time.

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10
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Traits controlled by different genes that are found on different chromosomes segregate independently during meiosis

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11
Q

Types of mutations

A

nullomorph- mutation that leads to a gene not being transcribed into a protein
neomorph- dominant gain of a gene function different from normal gene function
hypomorph- partial loss of a gene function
hypermorph- partial increase of a gene function

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12
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Each parent contributes half of genetic material to offspring

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13
Q

Law of Dominance

A

Some alleles are dominant over others, and heterozygotes express dominant phenotype

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14
Q

Sum rule

A

add fractions/probabilities of phenotype occurring (probability of this OR that)

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15
Q

Product rule

A

multiply fractions/probabilities of phenotype occurring (probability of this AND that)

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16
Q

Chi square test

A

x^2=sum of (observed-expected)^2/expected

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17
Q

Variable Penetrance

A

having a specific genotype may increase the risk of having a disease/phenotype, but does not guarantee it

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18
Q

Variable Expressivity

A

Range of phenotypic expression that can occur from same allele

19
Q

Autosomal Inheritance

A

Passed down through first 22 chromosomes

20
Q

Sex-Linked Inheritance

A

Passed to offspring on sex chromosomes

21
Q

Mitochondrial Inheritance

A

DNA found in mitochondria is passed to offspring (only comes from the mother)

22
Q

SRY gene

A

Sex determining Region of Y chromosome
leads to production of testosterone and MIF (Mullerian Inhibiting Factor: shuts down Mullerian system, creating female body)

23
Q

XY system

A

XX-female (default gender)
XY-male
most mammals

24
Q

ZW system

A

ZZ-male (default gender)
ZW-female
fish and birds

25
Q

X0/XX system

A

only one sex chromosome
X0-male (1n)
XX-hermaphrodite (2n)
nematodes

26
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

In X0/XX system, can self-fertilize or be fertilized by males and make up 95% of population

27
Q

Haplodiploid system

A

unfertilized egg results in haploid male (example of parthenogenesis)
fertilized egg results in diploid female
bees

28
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

ability of an unfertilized egg to reproduce a mature organism; virgin birth

29
Q

Monoecious vs diecious

A

monoecious: both male and female parts on one organism (often times plants)
diecious: only male or female on one organism

30
Q

Protogyny

A

conversion from female to male

31
Q

Protandry

A

conversion from male to female

32
Q

Sex-limited traits

A

Both genders have same gene but is only phenotypically present in one gender. 100% penetrance in one gender, 0% in the other
NOT ON SEX CHROMOSOME

33
Q

Sex Influenced traits

A

One gender’s version of the allele is recessive while the other is dominant.
NOT ON SEX CHROMOSOME

34
Q

Environmental determination

A

Incubation temperature of eggs can determine gender

Protogyny and protandry (change sex while organism is already mature)

35
Q

Dosage compensation mechanisms

A

a mechanism by which species with sex chromosomes ensure the homogametic sex does not have too much of the sex gene nor does the heterogametic sex have too little

36
Q

Examples of dosage compensation mechanisms

A

Mammals: males keep X; females drop one X

C. elegans (nematodes): males are X0; females are XX. Both female X’s are reduced to half size

Drosophilia: males X; females XX
Males’ X doubles

37
Q

Additive effect

A

If certain genes are found together (A and B) and there is a mutation in A or B, the unmutated gene will make up for the other being mutated

38
Q

Duplicate Gene action

A

Two genes have same function. Only presence of one of the genes is necessary for it to function; a mutation in gene A will not cause phenotypic disturbance if gene B is still functional

39
Q

Recessive lethal alleles

A

Cause organism to die if this specific recessive allele is produced

40
Q

Epistasis

A

When the expression from the genotype from one gene depends on another gene

41
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When a mutation in one gene affects several different phenotypes

42
Q

Dominant lethal alleles

A

Cause organism to die if allele is present. Only affect organisms later in life or else would have been disposed of through natural selection

43
Q

Complementation

A

production of the wild-type phenotype when two different mutations contributed by parents are combined in the offspring (mutant x mutant results in wild type: aB x Ab results in AB)

BIO 240 (Molecular Genetics) (2 decks)

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