exam 1 Flashcards
Why we eat?
nutrient, hunger, habit, pleasure, stress/disease relief, psychosocial reasons
list macro nutrients
fat, protein, carbo.
importance of aroma?
more sensitive and range: 一点点都能闻到，而且能闻到的compound 比味觉多
hunger vs apetite, how are they controlled?
survival mechanism, signals from brain= stop or eat. desire to eat =/ overwhelming need to eat
molecule properties of smell/taste in order to be detected?
taste:pg1 bottom smell: pg2 top
what cells in eyes detect color? 黑白?
cones: 彩色 rods: 黑白
name naturally occurring pigments
pg 2 bottom
vitamin a food?
no, body need little, they no calories= not source of energy
what is ATP?
macro nutrient被消化，变成此分子，变成细胞可用的能量
flavor
对食物所有的sense: 味道，香味，嚼劲，触感等
requirements for RDA, AI, EAR, UL?
p3 top
daily reference value
因为RDA太复杂了，不能放在标签上 a set of dietary standards: fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, protein, potassium, and sodium
4 stages of digestion
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
pancreas function?
produce most digestive enzyme; bicarbonate (中和胃酸）
bile salt function?
把lipid分成小块在水里。
carbohydrate is? calories per gram? name essential carbo.
hydrates of carbon (由碳和水组成=(CH2O)n); 4 kilocalarie; none is
the 6 carbon and 5 carbon sugars?
p8 top
What two sugars make up sucrose? Lactose? Maltose?
p7 top
Disaccharides is? some examples?
a type of carbo. made of two or more simple sugars; p7 top
How does lactose intolerance occur? Why are some people more susceptible than others? what are the symptoms?
pg7 middle. lactose 在牛奶里，人一旦断奶(weaning)就不再生产enzyme去分解lactose。如果再也不接触这种糖，身体没有必要生产这种enzyme。所以小肠不吸收直接到大肠分解，产生gas, diarrhea, cramps。养牛的人或他们的后代会继续生产，影响较小。
Insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose concentration. It assists cells in drawing glucose from blood 降低血中的糖
Glucagon
从pancreas出来的hormone，当血糖过低时，刺激liver把glucose放入血中。增加血中的糖
Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes)
生产胰岛素的细胞被自己的免疫系统毁了;遗传的; 在severe viral infection后产生。
Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes)
油脂让胰岛素不能bind with receptor 然后让glucose进细胞里 (insulin resistant)。吃药–>打针增加insulin。
why does insulin decrease when you have not eat for a while?
brain needs glucose, but cells get it too via insulin. (glycogen in liver–>glucose) so no insulin, brain can have all the glucose. and cells can get energy from fat
what are some complications of high blood sugar?
reaction products of sugars and amino acids (lyk frying) occur slowly @ body temperature. 最伤身是当 glucose 和 proteins 在小血管。失去弹性–>不能工作–>缺氧和死细胞。尤其在脚上，眼睛和肾的peripheral capillaries，导致神经细胞死亡。脚没知觉，所以sore没发现–> 感染–> 截肢。眼睛瞎。
invert sugar is?
Hydrolysis of sucrose–>glucose+fructose gives invert sugar. Invert sugar is sweeter than sucrose, ex honey
High fructose corn syrup is? how is it used in food?
用更多enzymes转换glucose–>fructose 类似sucrose消化成果。比 glucose/sucrose都甜。可以bind more water,保持饼干新鲜
glycogen is? where is it stored? how is it used as energy?
Branched polymer of glucose. in liver; not efficient, immediate use
what are the two fibers? what are their functions?
soluble: 胆固醇会变成bile salt去emulsify fat，而fat会被放回血里。fiber把bile salt绑住，fat回收降低，而且肝还要拿更多胆固醇做bile salf insoluble: 绑水，膨胀，排便。稀释大肠里的毒素，快速排掉减少接触
smallest unit of carbo.
saccharide
Monosaccharides
carbo. with 1 sugar unit, 6 C
Polysaccharides
May contain hundreds or thousands of sugar units. Some contain linkages that are not digestible.
starch
energy storage in plants, Polysaccharide
oligosaccharides.
Carbo. made up of three or more sugars
raffinose and stachyose
Raffinose = galactose - glucose - fructose
Stachyose = galactose-galactose-glucose-fructose
glucose and galactose are chemically connected in a way that no animal can digest. Bacteria in the colon can digest them–> acid and gas
functions of protein
p9 top
why is amino acid essential?
20个常见amino acids中，我们能做11个。另外9个是essential，我们要自己摄取
what is limiting amino acid? 2 of em in human body?
The amino acid that is present in the lowest quantity compared to need (ex lysine or methionine) 假设：4D 8O 2G= 2xDOG, G is limiting
Kwashiorkor
sufficient calories but not in protein or the protein is of too low a quality to support adequate growth. Symptoms: bloated belly, apathy 冷淡，retardation ，exaggerated need for Vitamin A.
how much calorie can protein provide?
4 Kilocalories per gram
A bond formed by the condensation (失去水） of the amino group ( -NH2 ) of one amino acid with the acid group (-COOH ) of another amino acid
Peptide Bond
Condensation - Hydrolysis
condensation: 失去水形成bond. hydrolysis：加水断掉bond
PER. why use young animals?
measure protein quality; weight gain over protein consumed. metabolize protein at a greater rate, increase in mass is protein whereas most of the weight gained by adults is fat.
amino acids essential for babies and not adults?
Histidine: 小孩身体长太快，来不及生产
amino acids limiting for growth?
Lysine and methionine
complimentary relationships
一种食物的PER因为limiting amino acid而低，但和其他合并补足amino aicd,可以得到更多 PER Rice 2.30 Rice (70%) + Black Beans 2.70
Amino Acids
Proteins are composed of amino acids Contain an amino group ( -NH2 ) and an acid group ( - COOH ).
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
mad cow disease
prion diseases (Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy)
pg 11 bottom
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)
human form of BSE, human mad cow disease
what makes up fat?
glycerol with fatty acids attached (p12 bottom) |——— |———- |———-
saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid
S: A fatty acid that is holding all the hydrogen it can
U: 2 molecules or more of hydrogen are removed the fatty acid (cis and trans)
polyunsaturated
Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds
mono unsaturated
A fatty acid that contains one double bond
cis and trans
unsaturated; cis: Naturally occurring fatty acids; Trans: metabolized in the body as if they were saturated fats
hydrogenation? why is it done?
double bond, unsaturated= liquid. the process adds H is added to become saturated, solid.
essential fatty acid
body cant make some double bonds fatty acids. ex: Linoleic Acid
Linoleic Acid
eighteen carbon essential fatty acid containing two double bonds; stored in adipose (脂肪多的）
How does the amount of cholesterol consumed compare to the amount made by the body?
we eat half the amount of wats synthesized. 吃越少身体做越多，vise versa
cholesterol functions
mostly bile salts, Membrane structure, Myelin synthesis, Vit D synthesis, Steroid hormone synthesis.
Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease
Serum cholesterol > 240 mg per 100 ml serum Personality - drive, ambition, worry Hypertensive Parents (genetic influence ) Smoking Weight Physical activity
phospholipid? example? function?
Fatty acids that has phosphorus in the glycerol molecules. ex: lecithin; emulsifiers on membranes
antioxidants functions, examples
Double bonds in lipid reactive to O–> rancidity (food); could cure disease; Vit C, E
triglycerides
fatty acid with glycerol contains three fatty acids; most food is this type; can be broken by enzyme- lipases
mono and diglycerides
diglyceride: 3 fatty acid; monoglyceride: 1 fatty acid; emulsifiers.
HDL
- high density lipoprotein - returns cholesterol to the liver - contain lots of protein
LDL
- low density lipoprotein - transports cholesterol from the liver - contain lots of cholesterol
excess toxic vitamins: fat soluble or water soluble? most toxic vitamin?
fat soluble; A
vit A functions
vision and maintains the structure of the eye. (Only retinol and retinal function in the visual cycle) necessary for synthesis of substances in mucous 黏液 produced by epithelial tissue
vit A deficiency can cause?
Night blindness Stunting of growth Xeropthalmia 不能流泪 呼吸、消化、泌尿生殖器genitourinary的管道的皮肤和细胞有问题 生产珐琅质enamel的细胞有问题 增加 infection几率, 角质keratinized skin（epithelial tissue)
most toxic Vit A form? never toxic form?
animal sources; carotene
why can’t pregnant take Vit A? elderly?
birth defects; bone Ca reduce
Acutane cures? negative effects?
(acutane is a compound with vitamin activity) cures acne (粉刺), liver toxicity, strong teratogen (畸形胎药)
which nutrient has little diff between necessity and toxicity?
Vit A
why is there little source for Vit D?
not needed by most 生物
function of Vit D
变成 hormone用来帮助吸收 Ca and P Mobilization Ca from 骨头 控制肾对 P 的排泄 by the kidneys. 调节血的 amino acid levels 和组织、骨头的 citric acid
how to obtain Vit D?
通过UV 由cholesterol变 从protovitamin (可以变成维他命的）变 存在liver
Vit D deficiency and diseases
Poor growth and lack of normal bone formation in children (Rickets) 成人骨头松软：osteomalacia 缺Ca,没有很好吸收. 牙齿不好，肌肉无力，listlessness 大头骨
Vit D toxicity in bones, blood, nerve, excretory and tissues
Bones Increased calcium withdrawal Blood Increased Ca and P level Nervous 没胃口，烦躁易怒，头痛，口渴 Excretory Kidney stones, renal damage Tissues Calcification of soft tissues, death
Vit E function
Detoxify oxidizing radicals that arise in metabolism Stabilize cell membranes Regulate oxidation reactions antioxidant of Vit A and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
which vitamin is required for prevention of blood disorders (hemolysis test)?
Vit E
what are some Vit E deficiencies that occur in animals?
In rats, male: sterile 不育 pregnant females: unable to carry to term
Vit K functions
formation protein, prothrombin, in the liver. Prothrombin is required for normal blood clotting
Vit K deficiencies may occur on? may cause?
rare, premature infants often results from using antibiotics too long 吃anticoagalant的人不要吃太多Vit K,要不然不记得吃多少了
where to get more Vit K?
green leafy vegetables, cabbage, cauliflower,microflora (微生物） in large intestine
why is Vit K important to newborn babies?
大肠里还没有Vit K的合成
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
D E A K
why is fat soluble vit toxic?
stored longer
Thiamine B1 functions? it is also called?
Carbohydrate metabolism Make ribose to form RNA Maintain appetite and in normal muscle tone in G. I. tract 胃肠 “Morale Vitamin”
what is a disease caused by thiamine B1 deficiency?
beriberi: 米的谷壳有B
Riboflavin’s B2 main function
central component of the cofactors 帮助消化酶运作的东西： flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) FAD and FMN 运送H在oxidation - reduction reactions (important in energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins)
what vitamin is used as orange-red food color additive?
Riboflavin B2
disease associated with Niacin’s B3 defeciency? symptoms?
Pellagra - “rough skin” corn 很少 niacin，所以以玉米为主食又不吃其他东西的人会得病
Dermatitis - 皮炎，尤其在太阳曝晒的地方
Dementia Irritability-痴呆；Mental confusion进化 psychosis精神病 or delirium Diarrhea Death
how can niacin B3 be made?
由trytophan or amino acid合成, 被intestinal flora合成
What B vitamins must be added to enriched grain products?
thiamin, riboflavin and niacin 加到原来level
Folic Acid (B9, folate) functions
energy metabolism, DNA 正常脑运作；生产,修补,运作; 生长时重要，如怀孕或婴儿时期。合成 purines and pyridines 必须的，有效利用amino acid, histidine
functions of niacin?
lower serum cholesterol, component of two coenzymes involved in oxidation - reduction reactions: NAD, NADP
folic acid B9 deficiency cause what diseases?
megaloblastic anemia 贫血；刚怀孕时如果缺folic acid, 可能会形成neural tube defects，等知道怀孕了可能就来不及了。
Why was folic acid recently added to the list of vitamins that must be added to enriched grain products?
怕孕妇folic acid不够 产生neural tube defects
where do you obtain Cobalamine B12? how is it absorbed?
animal and some bacteria, no plant; with intrinsic factor (a protein)
Cobalamine B12 functions? deficiency?
Pernicious Anemia把nerve cell弄坏，B12要修。高folic acid会掩盖症状，当开始痛时，已经损坏严重了; 脚剧痛，不能走
which vitamin is the least stable?
Vit C (Ascorbic Acid)
Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) functions?
治伤, collagen synthesis (conversion of proline to hydroxyproline and lysine to hydroxylysine), 吸收iron, 转换 amino acids to neurotransmitters，antioxidant.
Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) deficiency
Scurvy
Aching joints
Dry skin
Weakness
Swollen gums
Loose teeth
Old wounds bleed
which vitamin increase liver function?
choline
which vitamin is the last added to list?
choline
What is BMR? how is it calculated?
calories the body burns at rest.
Ex: heart beating, the lungs working…
male 12 female 11 x pounds
what is Phenylalanine (PKU)?
有些baby不能把 Phenylalanine 换成 tyrosine 再换成 calorie。有PKU的人不能metabolize,多余的 Phenylalanine,导致partial breakdown products phenylketones 堆积。nerve cell lining 不能正常发展，导致retardation
What is the diff between Marasmus and kwashiorkor?
Marasmus: 各种能量摄食不够 ，尤其protein and carbo.到最后可能protein synthesis都不可能，那么喂什么都没用了
kwashiorkor: 能量够，蛋白质不够。胖的
what is scrapie?
animal prion disease: sheep
