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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why we eat?

A

nutrient, hunger, habit, pleasure, stress/disease relief, psychosocial reasons

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2
Q

list macro nutrients

A

fat, protein, carbo.

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3
Q

importance of aroma?

A

more sensitive and range: 一点点都能闻到，而且能闻到的compound 比味觉多

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4
Q

hunger vs apetite, how are they controlled?

A

survival mechanism, signals from brain= stop or eat. desire to eat =/ overwhelming need to eat

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5
Q

molecule properties of smell/taste in order to be detected?

A

taste:pg1 bottom smell: pg2 top

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6
Q

what cells in eyes detect color? 黑白?

A

cones: 彩色 rods: 黑白

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7
Q

name naturally occurring pigments

A

pg 2 bottom

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8
Q

vitamin a food?

A

no, body need little, they no calories= not source of energy

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9
Q

what is ATP?

A

macro nutrient被消化，变成此分子，变成细胞可用的能量

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10
Q

flavor

A

对食物所有的sense: 味道，香味，嚼劲，触感等

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11
Q

requirements for RDA, AI, EAR, UL?

A

p3 top

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12
Q

daily reference value

A

因为RDA太复杂了，不能放在标签上 a set of dietary standards: fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, protein, potassium, and sodium

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13
Q

4 stages of digestion

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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14
Q

pancreas function?

A

produce most digestive enzyme; bicarbonate (中和胃酸）

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15
Q

bile salt function?

A

把lipid分成小块在水里。

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16
Q

carbohydrate is? calories per gram? name essential carbo.

A

hydrates of carbon (由碳和水组成=(CH2O)n); 4 kilocalarie; none is

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17
Q

the 6 carbon and 5 carbon sugars?

A

p8 top

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18
Q

What two sugars make up sucrose? Lactose? Maltose?

A

p7 top

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19
Q

Disaccharides is? some examples?

A

a type of carbo. made of two or more simple sugars; p7 top

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20
Q

How does lactose intolerance occur? Why are some people more susceptible than others? what are the symptoms?

A

pg7 middle. lactose 在牛奶里，人一旦断奶(weaning)就不再生产enzyme去分解lactose。如果再也不接触这种糖，身体没有必要生产这种enzyme。所以小肠不吸收直接到大肠分解，产生gas, diarrhea, cramps。养牛的人或他们的后代会继续生产，影响较小。

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21
Q

Insulin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose concentration. It assists cells in drawing glucose from blood 降低血中的糖

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22
Q

Glucagon

A

从pancreas出来的hormone，当血糖过低时，刺激liver把glucose放入血中。增加血中的糖

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23
Q

Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes)

A

生产胰岛素的细胞被自己的免疫系统毁了;遗传的; 在severe viral infection后产生。

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24
Q

Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes)

A

油脂让胰岛素不能bind with receptor 然后让glucose进细胞里 (insulin resistant)。吃药–>打针增加insulin。

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25
Q

why does insulin decrease when you have not eat for a while?

A

brain needs glucose, but cells get it too via insulin. (glycogen in liver–>glucose) so no insulin, brain can have all the glucose. and cells can get energy from fat

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26
Q

what are some complications of high blood sugar?

A

reaction products of sugars and amino acids (lyk frying) occur slowly @ body temperature. 最伤身是当 glucose 和 proteins 在小血管。失去弹性–>不能工作–>缺氧和死细胞。尤其在脚上，眼睛和肾的peripheral capillaries，导致神经细胞死亡。脚没知觉，所以sore没发现–> 感染–> 截肢。眼睛瞎。

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27
Q

invert sugar is?

A

Hydrolysis of sucrose–>glucose+fructose gives invert sugar. Invert sugar is sweeter than sucrose, ex honey

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28
Q

High fructose corn syrup is? how is it used in food?

A

用更多enzymes转换glucose–>fructose 类似sucrose消化成果。比 glucose/sucrose都甜。可以bind more water,保持饼干新鲜

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29
Q

glycogen is? where is it stored? how is it used as energy?

A

Branched polymer of glucose. in liver; not efficient, immediate use

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30
Q

what are the two fibers? what are their functions?

A

soluble: 胆固醇会变成bile salt去emulsify fat，而fat会被放回血里。fiber把bile salt绑住，fat回收降低，而且肝还要拿更多胆固醇做bile salf insoluble: 绑水，膨胀，排便。稀释大肠里的毒素，快速排掉减少接触

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31
Q

smallest unit of carbo.

A

saccharide

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32
Q

Monosaccharides

A

carbo. with 1 sugar unit, 6 C

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33
Q

Polysaccharides

A

May contain hundreds or thousands of sugar units. Some contain linkages that are not digestible.

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34
Q

starch

A

energy storage in plants, Polysaccharide

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35
Q

oligosaccharides.

A

Carbo. made up of three or more sugars

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36
Q

raffinose and stachyose

A

Raffinose = galactose - glucose - fructose

Stachyose = galactose-galactose-glucose-fructose

glucose and galactose are chemically connected in a way that no animal can digest. Bacteria in the colon can digest them–> acid and gas

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37
Q

functions of protein

A

p9 top

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38
Q

why is amino acid essential?

A

20个常见amino acids中，我们能做11个。另外9个是essential，我们要自己摄取

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39
Q

what is limiting amino acid? 2 of em in human body?

A

The amino acid that is present in the lowest quantity compared to need (ex lysine or methionine) 假设：4D 8O 2G= 2xDOG, G is limiting

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40
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

sufficient calories but not in protein or the protein is of too low a quality to support adequate growth. Symptoms: bloated belly, apathy 冷淡，retardation ，exaggerated need for Vitamin A.

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41
Q

how much calorie can protein provide?

A

4 Kilocalories per gram

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42
Q

A bond formed by the condensation (失去水） of the amino group ( -NH2 ) of one amino acid with the acid group (-COOH ) of another amino acid

A

Peptide Bond

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43
Q

Condensation - Hydrolysis

A

condensation: 失去水形成bond. hydrolysis：加水断掉bond

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44
Q

PER. why use young animals?

A

measure protein quality; weight gain over protein consumed. metabolize protein at a greater rate, increase in mass is protein whereas most of the weight gained by adults is fat.

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45
Q

amino acids essential for babies and not adults?

A

Histidine: 小孩身体长太快，来不及生产

46
Q

amino acids limiting for growth?

A

Lysine and methionine

47
Q

complimentary relationships

A

一种食物的PER因为limiting amino acid而低，但和其他合并补足amino aicd,可以得到更多 PER Rice 2.30 Rice (70%) + Black Beans 2.70

48
Q

Amino Acids

A

Proteins are composed of amino acids Contain an amino group ( -NH2 ) and an acid group ( - COOH ).

49
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

mad cow disease

50
Q

prion diseases (Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy)

A

pg 11 bottom

51
Q

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)

A

human form of BSE, human mad cow disease

52
Q

what makes up fat?

A

glycerol with fatty acids attached (p12 bottom) |——— |———- |———-

53
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid

A

S: A fatty acid that is holding all the hydrogen it can

U: 2 molecules or more of hydrogen are removed the fatty acid (cis and trans)

54
Q

polyunsaturated

A

Fatty acids that contain two or more double bonds

55
Q

mono unsaturated

A

A fatty acid that contains one double bond

56
Q

cis and trans

A

unsaturated; cis: Naturally occurring fatty acids; Trans: metabolized in the body as if they were saturated fats

57
Q

hydrogenation? why is it done?

A

double bond, unsaturated= liquid. the process adds H is added to become saturated, solid.

58
Q

essential fatty acid

A

body cant make some double bonds fatty acids. ex: Linoleic Acid

59
Q

Linoleic Acid

A

eighteen carbon essential fatty acid containing two double bonds; stored in adipose (脂肪多的）

60
Q

How does the amount of cholesterol consumed compare to the amount made by the body?

A

we eat half the amount of wats synthesized. 吃越少身体做越多，vise versa

61
Q

cholesterol functions

A

mostly bile salts, Membrane structure, Myelin synthesis, Vit D synthesis, Steroid hormone synthesis.

62
Q

Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

A

Serum cholesterol > 240 mg per 100 ml serum Personality - drive, ambition, worry Hypertensive Parents (genetic influence ) Smoking Weight Physical activity

63
Q

phospholipid? example? function?

A

Fatty acids that has phosphorus in the glycerol molecules. ex: lecithin; emulsifiers on membranes

64
Q

antioxidants functions, examples

A

Double bonds in lipid reactive to O–> rancidity (food); could cure disease; Vit C, E

65
Q

triglycerides

A

fatty acid with glycerol contains three fatty acids; most food is this type; can be broken by enzyme- lipases

66
Q

mono and diglycerides

A

diglyceride: 3 fatty acid; monoglyceride: 1 fatty acid; emulsifiers.

67
Q

HDL

A
  • high density lipoprotein - returns cholesterol to the liver - contain lots of protein
68
Q

LDL

A
  • low density lipoprotein - transports cholesterol from the liver - contain lots of cholesterol
69
Q

excess toxic vitamins: fat soluble or water soluble? most toxic vitamin?

A

fat soluble; A

70
Q

vit A functions

A

vision and maintains the structure of the eye. (Only retinol and retinal function in the visual cycle) necessary for synthesis of substances in mucous 黏液 produced by epithelial tissue

71
Q

vit A deficiency can cause?

A

Night blindness Stunting of growth Xeropthalmia 不能流泪 呼吸、消化、泌尿生殖器genitourinary的管道的皮肤和细胞有问题 生产珐琅质enamel的细胞有问题 增加 infection几率, 角质keratinized skin（epithelial tissue)

72
Q

most toxic Vit A form? never toxic form?

A

animal sources; carotene

73
Q

why can’t pregnant take Vit A? elderly?

A

birth defects; bone Ca reduce

74
Q

Acutane cures? negative effects?

A

(acutane is a compound with vitamin activity) cures acne (粉刺), liver toxicity, strong teratogen (畸形胎药)

75
Q

which nutrient has little diff between necessity and toxicity?

A

Vit A

76
Q

why is there little source for Vit D?

A

not needed by most 生物

77
Q

function of Vit D

A

变成 hormone用来帮助吸收 Ca and P Mobilization Ca from 骨头 控制肾对 P 的排泄 by the kidneys. 调节血的 amino acid levels 和组织、骨头的 citric acid

78
Q

how to obtain Vit D?

A

通过UV 由cholesterol变 从protovitamin (可以变成维他命的）变 存在liver

79
Q

Vit D deficiency and diseases

A

Poor growth and lack of normal bone formation in children (Rickets) 成人骨头松软：osteomalacia 缺Ca,没有很好吸收. 牙齿不好，肌肉无力，listlessness 大头骨

80
Q

Vit D toxicity in bones, blood, nerve, excretory and tissues

A

Bones Increased calcium withdrawal Blood Increased Ca and P level Nervous 没胃口，烦躁易怒，头痛，口渴 Excretory Kidney stones, renal damage Tissues Calcification of soft tissues, death

81
Q

Vit E function

A

Detoxify oxidizing radicals that arise in metabolism Stabilize cell membranes Regulate oxidation reactions antioxidant of Vit A and Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)

82
Q

which vitamin is required for prevention of blood disorders (hemolysis test)?

A

Vit E

83
Q

what are some Vit E deficiencies that occur in animals?

A

In rats, male: sterile 不育 pregnant females: unable to carry to term

84
Q

Vit K functions

A

formation protein, prothrombin, in the liver. Prothrombin is required for normal blood clotting

85
Q

Vit K deficiencies may occur on? may cause?

A

rare, premature infants often results from using antibiotics too long 吃anticoagalant的人不要吃太多Vit K,要不然不记得吃多少了

86
Q

where to get more Vit K?

A

green leafy vegetables, cabbage, cauliflower,microflora (微生物） in large intestine

87
Q

why is Vit K important to newborn babies?

A

大肠里还没有Vit K的合成

88
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

D E A K

89
Q

why is fat soluble vit toxic?

A

stored longer

90
Q

Thiamine B1 functions? it is also called?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism Make ribose to form RNA Maintain appetite and in normal muscle tone in G. I. tract 胃肠 “Morale Vitamin”

91
Q

what is a disease caused by thiamine B1 deficiency?

A

beriberi: 米的谷壳有B

92
Q

Riboflavin’s B2 main function

A

central component of the cofactors 帮助消化酶运作的东西： flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) FAD and FMN 运送H在oxidation - reduction reactions (important in energy metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins)

93
Q

what vitamin is used as orange-red food color additive?

A

Riboflavin B2

94
Q

disease associated with Niacin’s B3 defeciency? symptoms?

A

Pellagra - “rough skin” corn 很少 niacin，所以以玉米为主食又不吃其他东西的人会得病

Dermatitis - 皮炎，尤其在太阳曝晒的地方

Dementia Irritability-痴呆；Mental confusion进化 psychosis精神病 or delirium Diarrhea Death

95
Q

how can niacin B3 be made?

A

由trytophan or amino acid合成, 被intestinal flora合成

96
Q

What B vitamins must be added to enriched grain products?

A

thiamin, riboflavin and niacin 加到原来level

97
Q

Folic Acid (B9, folate) functions

A

energy metabolism, DNA 正常脑运作；生产,修补,运作; 生长时重要，如怀孕或婴儿时期。合成 purines and pyridines 必须的，有效利用amino acid, histidine

98
Q

functions of niacin?

A

lower serum cholesterol, component of two coenzymes involved in oxidation - reduction reactions: NAD, NADP

99
Q

folic acid B9 deficiency cause what diseases?

A

megaloblastic anemia 贫血；刚怀孕时如果缺folic acid, 可能会形成neural tube defects，等知道怀孕了可能就来不及了。

100
Q

Why was folic acid recently added to the list of vitamins that must be added to enriched grain products?

A

怕孕妇folic acid不够 产生neural tube defects

101
Q

where do you obtain Cobalamine B12? how is it absorbed?

A

animal and some bacteria, no plant; with intrinsic factor (a protein)

102
Q

Cobalamine B12 functions? deficiency?

A

Pernicious Anemia把nerve cell弄坏，B12要修。高folic acid会掩盖症状，当开始痛时，已经损坏严重了; 脚剧痛，不能走

103
Q

which vitamin is the least stable?

A

Vit C (Ascorbic Acid)

104
Q

Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) functions?

A

治伤, collagen synthesis (conversion of proline to hydroxyproline and lysine to hydroxylysine), 吸收iron, 转换 amino acids to neurotransmitters，antioxidant.

105
Q

Vit C (Ascorbic Acid) deficiency

A

Scurvy

Aching joints

Dry skin

Weakness

Swollen gums

Loose teeth

Old wounds bleed

106
Q

which vitamin increase liver function?

A

choline

107
Q

which vitamin is the last added to list?

A

choline

108
Q

What is BMR? how is it calculated?

A

calories the body burns at rest.

Ex: heart beating, the lungs working…

male 12 female 11 x pounds

109
Q

what is Phenylalanine (PKU)?

A

有些baby不能把 Phenylalanine 换成 tyrosine 再换成 calorie。有PKU的人不能metabolize,多余的 Phenylalanine,导致partial breakdown products phenylketones 堆积。nerve cell lining 不能正常发展，导致retardation

110
Q

What is the diff between Marasmus and kwashiorkor?

A

Marasmus: 各种能量摄食不够 ，尤其protein and carbo.到最后可能protein synthesis都不可能，那么喂什么都没用了

kwashiorkor: 能量够，蛋白质不够。胖的

111
Q

what is scrapie?

A

animal prion disease: sheep

Food Science advance (1 decks)

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