Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of the resp system?
–conducting portion: what are the 6 mian parts? 3 types of cells/
- -conduction, transitional and gas exchange system –nasal cav, paranasal sinus, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi.
- -pseudostrat ciliated columnar epi, secretory goblet cells (mucous) and serous cells.
Nasal cav is separated by what. What increases SA? Rostral=? Caudal connection to nasopharynx=? 3 fxns of nasal cav?
Mucosa=highly vascularized. What type of glands? Nasal cav accounts for what % resp resistance?
- -nasal septum –turbinates –nares –choanae
- -carry air, modify air, olfaction.
- -tubular seromucinous glands
- 50%
paranasal sinuses are encases in bone. Small orifices that can have what issues?
- -where is the nasopharynx? lots of 2. inhaled antigens hit this first.
- -larynx can be a potential area for resistance if swollen
- -trachea. hyaline cartilage to keep from collapse. 2 parts (names?) of trachea are under different pressues when? weakened wall, intra/extramural mass=obstruction
- -inflamm–> chronic sinusitis
- -between nasal cav and larynx –glands and lymphoid tissue.
- -cervical and thoracic
- -inspiration vs expiration.
Bronchi approx what % of resistance in airflow within first 4-7 divisions. Small changes in lumen diam–> large increases in resistance
Transiotional section is made up of what?Decrease in what things, increase in what things as you go down?
fxn of clara cells? what would have to occur to increase resistance?
- -80
- -bronchioles
- -ciliated epi and goblet mucus cells –clara and neuroendocrine cells.
- -biosynthetic organelles that detox foreign substances.
- -widespread, diffuse obstruction.
Gas exchange system made up of? What cells types? what makes up the blood air barrier? whats in the interstitium?
horses have what species variation in the resp system?
resp bronchioles are like what in mouse/rat, ruminants/pig/guinea pig/rabbit, carnivores/primates.
- -alverolar ducts, alverolar sacs, alveoli.
- -type 1 pneumocytes and type 2.
- -type 1 pneumocytes–alveolar interstitium, BM, capillary endo. –elastic fibers, small collagen bundles, fibroblasts, sm m, mast cells, lymphocytes, macrophages.
- -guttural pouches
- -none, very short, well developed
Avian resp: what communicates the upper palate to the nasal cav? Ventromedial to eye to the nasal cav is what? No bone.
How does air get to blood in birds? THe air sacs are avasc.. so what are they used for?
- -choanal slit
- -soft walled infraorbital sinus
- -v/d bronchi–> parabronchi –> air capillaries –> adjacent caps –bellows for 2 cycle air movement in a total of 9 sacs.
Explain the steps of the 2 cycle air mvement?
6 cells fo the conducting system.
–what d the olfactory sensory epi do>
- -first inhale: trachea->intrapulm bronchus–> posterior air sacs –first exhale-posterior air sacs–> lungs –second inhanle-lungs to anterior air sacs –second exha-anterior air sacs to trachea and out of body.
- -squamous epi: nasal opening/larynx –ciliated pseudostrat columnar epi: nasal, paranasl sinuses, trachea, bronchi MAIN epi of conducting sytem. –mucous cells (goblet) –olfactory sensory epi –basal cells (stem cells for ciliated cells) –m cells.
- -provides smell and bioactivate potentially toxic intermediate forms.
Clara cells secrete what? Stem cells. Rich in SER–WHY?
Which one is metabolically active and inactive: type 1 or 2 pneumocytes. What do type 2 have on them?
- -proteinaceous fluid –cytochrome P450 isozymes to metab endogenous and exogenous substances. Can create reactive metabolites from inhaled substances
- -type 1=inactive –type 2=active –microvilli.
Type 2 secrete surfactant. made of what? Fxns?
–type 2 stem cells to replace what? If type 1 are depleted,what can happen to type 2?
Endo cells can metab endo and exogenous substances.
- -made of phopholipids and proteins. –reduce surface tension. Enhance phag.
- -type 1 –hyperplastic: creates barrier to gas dififusion.
4 defense mechanisms of conducting? transitional? air exchange?
3 sources of injury to resp.
–what is the definition of deposition and clearance in the conducting system defense.
- -mucociliary clearance, Ab, lysozyme, mucus
- -clara cells, antiox, lysozyme, Ab
- -macrophages in alveoli, interstitium, intravasc. surfactant, antiox, Ab.
- -inhaled, hematogenous, direct extension.
- -deposition-process of particles trapped within resp tract –clearance-deposited particles are destroyed, neutralized or removed from mucosal surfaces. (mucociliary clearance, phag, cough, sneeze)
What in the air can paralyze resp cilia?
What are the 3 mechanisms for particle removal. The particles stick to the resp tract when mucosa is contacted.
aerosolized ammonia over 20 ppm.
- -inertial impact: nasal cav, larync, trachea and bronchi. Tubulent airflow.
- -gravitational sedimentation-bronchioels and alveoli have slower air. sediment by gravity. IMP IN PATHOGENESIS OF BRONCHOPNEUMO.
- -diffusion-particles diffuse onto surface of alveolar mucosa.
M cells in bronchi overlie BALT. produce what?
- 1* form of defense in alveoli? what are some bact that are RESISTANT TO INTRACELL killing by macrophages
- -IgG can opsonize.
- -Alveoli secrete surfactant, transferrin and lysozyme. what is transferrin?
- -alveoili are very susceptible to oxidative stress. How do the lungs defend against this. Name all 3
- -secretory IgA
- -macrophages –mycobacterium, listeria monocytogenes, brucella abortus, salmonella.
- -inhibit bacterial growth.
- -free radical scavengers (catalase, superoxide dismutase, vitamin E.)
hematogenous pathogens: what are the 2 ways these are cleaned up? Which sp?
What are the 4 main categories of what can go wrong with resp system defense?
- -pulm intravasc macrophages:ruminants, cats, pigs, horses –hepatic kupffer cells and splenic macrophages: dogs, humans, rodents.
- viral infecitons, bacterial infections, toxic gases, immunodeficiency.
Viral infections can cause 3 things in the resp system. name them. Give ex
–7 days of infection–> impaired phag fxns of macrophages and 2nd bact infection promotion -influenza in pigs/horses, bovine herpes, parainfluenza, bovine resp syncytial virus, canine distemper. –immunosuppresion-pigs with PRSS –direct invasion/necrosis of resp epi.
Give ex of bacterial inf of the resp and what it does to lower fxn
–toxic gases like what? cause what in the resp
- -bordatella avium in turkeys. Colonizes epi. Attaches to clia–> tracheal toxin–> Ciliostasis–. loss of cilia. Damaged epi=more suscept to infeciton.
- -ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. impaired mucociliary clearance. Paralyzed cilia.
