EXAM 1 Flashcards
In 1866, he discovered the basic laws of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Basic laws of Genetics
Traits are inherited from one
generation to another;
Elementen (genes) control the
traits of organism;
there is a recombination of
parental traits in offspring;
Some genes are dominant,
some are recessive
Flow of Genetic Information
DNA, mRNA, protein
Why is the discovery of Watson and Crick very important?
Based on the physical and chemical properties of DNA, Crick and Watson hypothesized a double-helix structure for DNA, much like a twisted ladder.
The double-helix structure explains How the DNA
molecule could replicate or produce identical copies of itself (replication)
How the information in the gene is expressed
(transcription and translation)
the transcribed messenger RNA strand right after it is released from the template strand?
It runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction
What are some elements that can be found in the mature mRNA after posttranscriptional modifications?
Guanine cap at 5’ end, multiple adenines at the 3’ end
What are the posttranscriptional processes?
Removal of introns
Polyadenylation
Addition of the guanine cap
What are some posttranslational modifications?
b. Phosphorylation
c. Glycosylation
The transfer RNA or tRNA contains a specific 3 base sequence that is called the anticodon.
a. Several anticodons can correspond to one amino acid
b. A specific anticodon corresponds only to one amino acid
In gene transcription, the regulatory elements are the following:
a. Base promoter
b. Enhancer
c. Terminator
Changes in intron splice sites result in changes in the mature mRNA that can possibly result in
a. Exons are spliced out resulting in shorter mRNA
b. Incorporation of introns into exons resulting in longer mRNA
What is true of the primary structure of a protein?
a. determines the secondary structure of the protein
b. direct translation of the mature mRNA strand
c. linear sequence of amino acids
The component of PCR that allowed for denaturation of DNA strands at higher temperatures
Taq polymerase
The main class of molecules separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is
Protein
What is/are important step(s) in Southern blot analysis
a. Probe with complementary DNA
c. Extract DNA
d. Cut the DNA with restriction enzymes
What probe is used in Western blot analysis?
a. Specific antibody
The polyadenine polymerase requires a very precise template.
FALSE
The RNA polymerase needs a specific RNA primer during the transcription process.
F
RNA polymerase is responsible for adding the PolyA tail to the mRNA.
F
Transcription factors are proteins that have only one type of DNA-binding motif.
F
Only very select RNAs are transported for translation.
T
Only very select RNAs are transported for translation.
T
The polyadenine TAIL remains ATTACHED to messenger RNA until translation.
T
The tRNA molecule has many secondary and loop structures.
T
The type of side chains in the amino acids of a protein will determine the charge of the polypeptide.
T
Folding of nascent or new proteins occurs after the full-length polypeptide chain has been separated from the ribosome after translation.
F
A protein with a quaternary structure should have at least 4 polypeptides.
F
Proteins that bind to the promoter region, hence promoting the start of transcription.
TF
Analyzes the presence of specific genes in whole genomic DNA
SOUTHERN BLOT ANALYSIS
Describes mRNA that results in a single translation of several genes at a time.
POLYCISTRONIC
Small, usually heat-shock, proteins that aid in correct folding of newly translated proteins.
CHAPERONINS
A secondary structure in proteins where the amino acid chains aligned side-by-side with every other chain situated opposite the other, with chains being held together by hydrogen bonds.
BETA SHEET
Intervening DNA sequences on the regulatory or structural gene sequence.
INTRONS
Nucleotide sequences resulting in stem loop structures in the mRNA , and subsequent falling off of the RNA polymerase from the mRNA strand.
TERMINATORS
System for negative regulation of transcription of bacterial genes involved in lactose metabolism.
LAC OPERON
This guides the newly formed polypeptide/protein to the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing.
signal peptide
Process of adding of inorganic phosphate to a protein molecule during posttranslational modification.
Phosphorylation
criterion for genetic engineering of crops
the trait to be introduced is not present in the germplasm of the crop
the trait is very difficult to improve by conventional
breeding methods
it will take a very long time to introduce and/or improve such trait in the crop by conventional methods
A typical gene organization is
promoter, protein coding region, terminator
What was the most common source of genes used in the early generation GM crops
bacteria
If I were to ask you to select the sense strand in DNA which strand would you select?
the strand going in the 5’ to 3’ orientation
Which strand of DNA is made into the mRNA
The strand going in the 3’ to 5’ direction
What is the gene inserted into Flavr Savr tomato
polygalacturonase
A tropical fruit crop that was engineered for virus resistance is
papaya
The most popular promoter used in early GM crops was the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. What is the one trait that made CaMV35s the promoter of choice
it can drive the expression of transgene in all parts of the plant
Which enzyme is used for glufosinate tolerance
phosphinothricin acetyltrasnferase
Which is the transgene for Round-up Ready soybeans
5-enolpyruvl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase
Which will bring the transgene to the organelle where the new translated protein will be modified or used?
chloroplast transit peptide
Golden Rice, a genetically modified rice which contains enzymes to form beta carotene, has been approved for importation in the Philippines
T
The Philippines is the first country in Asia to have its own biotech regulatory agency
T
