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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psyche

A

meaning the soul, spirit, or mind

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2
Q

what is ology

A

a branch of knowledge

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3
Q

what is psychology

A

the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes

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4
Q

what does general psych teach

A

a healthy respect for the complexity of behavior

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5
Q

examples of human behavior

A

crying, walking, pacing

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6
Q

examples of mental processes

A

thinking, perceptions, memories, emotions

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7
Q

what was wilhelm wundt known for

A

father of experimental psych and founder of first psych lab

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8
Q

who was wilhelm wundt

A

physician, philosopher, professor

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9
Q

where was wilhelm wundt from

A

leipzig, Germany`

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10
Q

who established the first journal of psychological research

A

Wilhelm wundt

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11
Q

when was the first scientific psych research lab established at the university of Leipzig

A

1879

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12
Q

when was the first journal of psychological research established

A

1881

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13
Q

what was wundts focus

A

studying the conscious experience (sensation, reaction time)

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14
Q

what is consciousness

A

the awareness of immediate experience

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15
Q

conscious experience

A

sensation, reaction time, perception

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16
Q

where was edward titchener from

A

England

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17
Q

who did titchener study under

A

wilhelm wundt

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18
Q

where did titchener study

A

Cornell university, Ithaca NY

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19
Q

what was titcheners theory

A

structuralism

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20
Q

what is structuralism

A

use introspection to analyze conscious into basic elements (sensation, feelings) and investigate how the elements relate

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21
Q

what method does structuralism depend on

A

introspection

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22
Q

what is introspection

A

the systematic self-observation of ones own conscious experience

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23
Q

topics of introspection

A

auditory tones of a metronome, optical illusions

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24
Q

after introduced to the introspection topics; what were participants asked of

A

to analyze/ describe their experiences

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25
Q

what are criticisms of introspection

A

subjective, unscientific limits(children, animals, complex topics)

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26
Q

when titchener died, what died with him

A

structuralism

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27
Q

who was william james

A

american scholar, MD, philosopher

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28
Q

where did james study

A

harvard

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29
Q

what was james’s theory

A

functionalism

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30
Q

what is functionalism

A

investigate the function/ purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

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31
Q

who was james influenced by

A

charles darwin

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32
Q

“Overtime we have evovled as a species to have sophisticated consciousness, those whose consciousness is most successful at adapting will thrive and survive

A

william james

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33
Q

how is the human mind useful

A

it can be influenced to help humans adapt to the environment

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34
Q

who had an influence on educational psych and industrial psych

A

william james

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35
Q

education + industrial psych =

A

functionalism

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36
Q

who and when published the concept “stream of consciousness” in the “principles of Psychology”

A

william james, 1890

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37
Q

modern theories; “school of thought”

A
  1. each theory has its own perceptive, something to contribute to out understanding of human behavior and mental processes
  2. describe, explain, predict and change
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38
Q

who was sigmund freud

A

MD, neurologist, psychiatrist

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39
Q

what kind of people did freud treat

A

people with irrational fears, obsessions, and anxieties

40
Q

who studied the unconscious mind

A

sigmund freud

41
Q

what is the unconscious mind

A

deepest part if the mind; represses memories, desires, conflicts, fears, wishes

42
Q

how do we access the unconscious mind

A

by focusing on unconscious determinate of behavior- hypnosis analyzing dreams

43
Q

what did hypnotized women talk about

A

sex

44
Q

up top parts of mind

A

conscious - preconscious mind or subconscious or unconscious mind

45
Q

” disturbances are largely caused by personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level”, what might cause these conflicts

A
  1. early childhood
  2. psychosexual stages of development
  3. psychoanalysis
  4. neurosis
46
Q

what is neurosis

A

excessive and irrational anxiety or obsession

47
Q

why was freud so controversial

A

he proposed that behavior is influenced by how people cope with their sex urges

48
Q

when was behaviorism founded

A

early 1900s

49
Q

who did behaviorism respond to

A

responded to freud

50
Q

behaviorism

A

study of human/ animal behavior

51
Q

who founded behaviorism

A

john b. watson

52
Q

who did the experiment little albert

A

experiment by watson

53
Q

what was the little albert experiment

A

a study in which a white rate was paired w/ a loud sudden noise in order to condition dear response in an infant

54
Q

who was ivan pavlov

A

russian psychologist

55
Q

what did pavlov study

A

classical conditioning

56
Q

who was B.F. Skinner

A

a behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences impacted behavior

57
Q

where did Skinner go to school

A

harvard

58
Q

operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

59
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences

60
Q

what is widely used today from Skinner

A

operant conditioning

61
Q

“freewill is an illusion”, “all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli”

A

skinner

62
Q

who was albert bandura

A

a behaviorist who said we learn our behaviors through conditioning(social) and mental processes(cognitive)

63
Q

observational learning, added cognitive component to behaviorism

A

Albert Bandura

64
Q

what is observational learning

A

learning by watching others

65
Q

what is social cognitive learning theory

A

learning by observing the behavior of another person

66
Q

where did bandura study

A

stanford

67
Q

what is humanistic theory

A

theory that emphasized studying the whole person by looking at behaviors through both the eyes if the observer and the person

68
Q

when was humanistic theory presented

A

early 1900s

69
Q

what did humanistic theory respond to

A

behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories

70
Q

name to humanistic theorists

A
  1. abraham maslow
  2. carl rogers
71
Q

who did abraham maslow study under

A

edward titchener

72
Q

what was maslow’s humansitic theory

A

hierarchy of needs

73
Q

what was the hierarchy of needs

A

a theory of motivation- can dictate an individuals behavior

74
Q

what was Rogers humanistic theory

A

person-centrered therapy

75
Q

what did the biological theory study

A
  1. genetics
  2. brain structure and functions
  3. neurotransmitters
  4. hormones
76
Q

examples of biological theory

A

alarm reactions, genetic vulnerability

77
Q

define cognitive theory

A

study of mental processes, language, memory and problem solving

78
Q

define cognitive behavioral therapy

A

seeks to modify negative thoughts that lead to dysfunctional emotions to actions

79
Q

define cross-cultural psych

A

study 2 or more societies

80
Q

historically, psych has been a western science, what has promoted this change and expansion

A

willaim wundt and james

81
Q

define evolutionary psych

A

examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations

82
Q

3 examples of evolutionary psych

A
  1. fears and phobias (ex. spiders)
  2. how are brains are adapting to technology
  3. generation after generation of stress
83
Q

define positive psych

A

what makes live worth living

84
Q

what did martin seligman study

A

people who are psychologically healthy

85
Q

what are the 7 unifying themes of psych

A
  1. psychology is empirical
  2. there are multiple theories
  3. psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
  4. behavior is determined by multiple causes
  5. nature and nurture
  6. experience is subjective
  7. behavior is shaped by culture
86
Q

what are the processes of research

A
  1. formulate hypothesis
  2. design the research to test the hypothesis
  3. collect data
  4. analyze data using statistics
  5. report the findings
87
Q

formulate a hypothesis

A

a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory

88
Q

collecting data: 2 parts

A
  1. survey/ questionnaire/ interviews
  2. naturalistic observations
89
Q

collecting data other members

A

1.psychological or other tests
2. archival records
3. physiological recordings

90
Q

correlations coefficient

A

statistical number showing direction and strength of relationship between 2 variables

91
Q

examples of correlations

A

behaviors, traits, scores

92
Q

correlations coefficient letter

A

r

93
Q

correlations coefficients range from —– to —–

A

-1 and 1

94
Q

weak

A

0

95
Q

what are the 8 ethical guidelines

A
  1. voluntary participation
  2. informed consent
  3. no psychological or physical harm
  4. deception is okay but must be disclosed asap
  5. confidentiality
    6.right to receive results
  6. right to receive IV if in control group
  7. approval from Instructional Review Board

psych 101 (1 decks)

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