exam 1 Flashcards
what is psyche
meaning the soul, spirit, or mind
what is ology
a branch of knowledge
what is psychology
the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
what does general psych teach
a healthy respect for the complexity of behavior
examples of human behavior
crying, walking, pacing
examples of mental processes
thinking, perceptions, memories, emotions
what was wilhelm wundt known for
father of experimental psych and founder of first psych lab
who was wilhelm wundt
physician, philosopher, professor
where was wilhelm wundt from
leipzig, Germany`
who established the first journal of psychological research
Wilhelm wundt
when was the first scientific psych research lab established at the university of Leipzig
1879
when was the first journal of psychological research established
1881
what was wundts focus
studying the conscious experience (sensation, reaction time)
what is consciousness
the awareness of immediate experience
conscious experience
sensation, reaction time, perception
where was edward titchener from
England
who did titchener study under
wilhelm wundt
where did titchener study
Cornell university, Ithaca NY
what was titcheners theory
structuralism
what is structuralism
use introspection to analyze conscious into basic elements (sensation, feelings) and investigate how the elements relate
what method does structuralism depend on
introspection
what is introspection
the systematic self-observation of ones own conscious experience
topics of introspection
auditory tones of a metronome, optical illusions
after introduced to the introspection topics; what were participants asked of
to analyze/ describe their experiences
what are criticisms of introspection
subjective, unscientific limits(children, animals, complex topics)
when titchener died, what died with him
structuralism
who was william james
american scholar, MD, philosopher
where did james study
harvard
what was james’s theory
functionalism
what is functionalism
investigate the function/ purpose of consciousness rather than its structure
who was james influenced by
charles darwin
“Overtime we have evovled as a species to have sophisticated consciousness, those whose consciousness is most successful at adapting will thrive and survive
william james
how is the human mind useful
it can be influenced to help humans adapt to the environment
who had an influence on educational psych and industrial psych
william james
education + industrial psych =
functionalism
who and when published the concept “stream of consciousness” in the “principles of Psychology”
william james, 1890
modern theories; “school of thought”
- each theory has its own perceptive, something to contribute to out understanding of human behavior and mental processes
- describe, explain, predict and change
who was sigmund freud
MD, neurologist, psychiatrist
what kind of people did freud treat
people with irrational fears, obsessions, and anxieties
who studied the unconscious mind
sigmund freud
what is the unconscious mind
deepest part if the mind; represses memories, desires, conflicts, fears, wishes
how do we access the unconscious mind
by focusing on unconscious determinate of behavior- hypnosis analyzing dreams
what did hypnotized women talk about
sex
up top parts of mind
conscious - preconscious mind or subconscious or unconscious mind
” disturbances are largely caused by personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level”, what might cause these conflicts
- early childhood
- psychosexual stages of development
- psychoanalysis
- neurosis
what is neurosis
excessive and irrational anxiety or obsession
why was freud so controversial
he proposed that behavior is influenced by how people cope with their sex urges
when was behaviorism founded
early 1900s
who did behaviorism respond to
responded to freud
behaviorism
study of human/ animal behavior
who founded behaviorism
john b. watson
who did the experiment little albert
experiment by watson
what was the little albert experiment
a study in which a white rate was paired w/ a loud sudden noise in order to condition dear response in an infant
who was ivan pavlov
russian psychologist
what did pavlov study
classical conditioning
who was B.F. Skinner
a behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences impacted behavior
where did Skinner go to school
harvard
operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
what is operant conditioning
a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences
what is widely used today from Skinner
operant conditioning
“freewill is an illusion”, “all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli”
skinner
who was albert bandura
a behaviorist who said we learn our behaviors through conditioning(social) and mental processes(cognitive)
observational learning, added cognitive component to behaviorism
Albert Bandura
what is observational learning
learning by watching others
what is social cognitive learning theory
learning by observing the behavior of another person
where did bandura study
stanford
what is humanistic theory
theory that emphasized studying the whole person by looking at behaviors through both the eyes if the observer and the person
when was humanistic theory presented
early 1900s
what did humanistic theory respond to
behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories
name to humanistic theorists
- abraham maslow
- carl rogers
who did abraham maslow study under
edward titchener
what was maslow’s humansitic theory
hierarchy of needs
what was the hierarchy of needs
a theory of motivation- can dictate an individuals behavior
what was Rogers humanistic theory
person-centrered therapy
what did the biological theory study
- genetics
- brain structure and functions
- neurotransmitters
- hormones
examples of biological theory
alarm reactions, genetic vulnerability
define cognitive theory
study of mental processes, language, memory and problem solving
define cognitive behavioral therapy
seeks to modify negative thoughts that lead to dysfunctional emotions to actions
define cross-cultural psych
study 2 or more societies
historically, psych has been a western science, what has promoted this change and expansion
willaim wundt and james
define evolutionary psych
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
3 examples of evolutionary psych
- fears and phobias (ex. spiders)
- how are brains are adapting to technology
- generation after generation of stress
define positive psych
what makes live worth living
what did martin seligman study
people who are psychologically healthy
what are the 7 unifying themes of psych
- psychology is empirical
- there are multiple theories
- psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
- behavior is determined by multiple causes
- nature and nurture
- experience is subjective
- behavior is shaped by culture
what are the processes of research
- formulate hypothesis
- design the research to test the hypothesis
- collect data
- analyze data using statistics
- report the findings
formulate a hypothesis
a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory
collecting data: 2 parts
- survey/ questionnaire/ interviews
- naturalistic observations
collecting data other members
1.psychological or other tests
2. archival records
3. physiological recordings
correlations coefficient
statistical number showing direction and strength of relationship between 2 variables
examples of correlations
behaviors, traits, scores
correlations coefficient letter
r
correlations coefficients range from —– to —–
-1 and 1
weak
0
what are the 8 ethical guidelines
- voluntary participation
- informed consent
- no psychological or physical harm
- deception is okay but must be disclosed asap
- confidentiality
6.right to receive results - right to receive IV if in control group
- approval from Instructional Review Board
