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Psych Exam 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 baby temperments

A

easy babies: cheerful, relaxed, and predictable
difficult babies: irritable, cry a lot, unpredictable
slow-to-warm-up babies: shy away from new people

(unpredictable refers to feeding and sleep schedules)

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2
Q

3 factors of scientific attitude

A

curiosity, skepticism, humility

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3
Q

DNA

A

a complex molecule containing genetic info (make-up chromosomes)

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4
Q

Affects sleep patterns

A

-956 genes related to sleep patterns
-culturally and socially influenced
-bright light and blue light mess with circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Attentional Myopia

A

attentional system is short-sighted, can only focus on whats right in front of you, and feel only one emotion
-happens when drunk

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6
Q

availability of powerful examples

A

news places want $$, “if it bleeds, it leads”
-fear of car crashes vs. plane crashes

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7
Q

behavior genetics

A

study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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8
Q

belief perseverance

A

we want to believe what we think even w/ contradictory evidence,
leads to confirmation bias

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9
Q

blindsight

A

a condition where you can respond to visual stimuli but not consciously expreince it
e.g. blind person navigating through obstacles

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10
Q

case studies

A

in-depth analyses of individuals
-cannot be used to generalize

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11
Q

chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules (containing the genes)

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12
Q

circadian rhythm

A

our bodies roughly sync up with the 24-hour day/night cycle
-a cycle of body temp, brain alertness
-peak times change with age

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13
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many as you chat with a party guest, but to be able to hear when someone says your name

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14
Q

collectivism (interdependent model)

A

a person is fundamentally connected to others
-group goals, group harmony > personal needs
-actions are guided by social norms and roles
-defined by societal roles

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15
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than the one being studied that could influence the results

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16
Q

sequential processing

A

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time
-requires focused attention on one thing at a time
-good for learning new things/solving new problems

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17
Q

Consciousness

A

subjective awareness of our environment and ourselves

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18
Q

correlation

A

behaviours or traits that often coincide with eachother

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19
Q

Correlational reserch

A

-detect naturally occurring relationships to assess how one variable predicts another
-collect data on two+ variable
-no manipulation
-cannot specify cause and effect

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20
Q

cross-cultural replication

A

examine weather findings generalize across different cultures

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21
Q

culture

A

enduring behaviors, attitudes, and traditions
e.g. practices, institutions, religion

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22
Q

dependent variable

A

the outcome that is measured
-can change depending on the independent variable

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23
Q

Descriptive research

A

-observe and record behaviors
-case studied, naturalistic observation, surveys
-no manipulation

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24
Q

double-blind procedure

A

neither staff or participants know who has placebo

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25
Q

dual processing

A

information is being processed simultaneously on separate conscious (effortful processing) and unconscious (automatic learned behaviors) tracks

e.g. we recognize a hummingbird but don’t actively process its size, shape, and colour to identify it

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26
Q

e.g. child is genetically hyperactive and restless, invoking an angry response from parents making a stressful environment. This leads the child to not create enough of the important chemical, leading to a depressed child

What is this an example of?

A

gene-environment interaction

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27
Q

echo-chambers and group identity

A

social media pages tend to be filled w/ people w/ similar political and social views as us
-confirms our biases, demonizes opposers

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28
Q

effects of poor sleep

A

-weight gain
-reduced strength and reaction time
-reduced processing functions
-high blood pressure, arthritis
-negative moods, depression, sucide
-heart diesase

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29
Q

environment

A

every non-genetic influence

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30
Q

environmental relatives

A

adoptive parents and siblings

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31
Q

epigenetics

A

studies molecular mechanisms that can be triggered or blocked by environment

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32
Q

Experimental research

A

-explores cause and effect
-manipulate 1+ factors
-not always feasible, may not generalize to other contexts, not always testable (unethical)

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33
Q

false/fake news

A

purposeful misinformation in a news format
-often spreads further, better remembered

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34
Q

dizygotic twins

A

Fraternal twins
-develop from two separate eggs
-same genetic similarities as normal siblings

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35
Q

Freud on dreams

A

manifest (remembered) content and latent (hidden meaning) content

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36
Q

gene-environment interaction

A

genes can influence traits that affect responses; the environment can affect gene variability

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37
Q

genes

A

biochemical units of heredity (small segments found on DNA)

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38
Q

genetic heritability

A

the percentage of diversity in a population that is due to genetics

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39
Q

genetic relatives

A

biological parents and siblings

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40
Q

genome

A

complete instructions for making an organism
Consists of all an organism’s genetic info

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41
Q

heredity

A

genetic transfer of characteristics fro parents to offspring

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42
Q

hindsight bias

A

no matter what the outcome is people will say it wasn’t a surprise

43
Q

human battery life

A

16 hours

44
Q

hypothesis

A

testable predictions formed from theories

45
Q

illusory correlation

A

keeping track of, remembering events only thst confirm our beliefs

46
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
e.g. gorilla video

47
Q

independent variable

A

the variable which effect is being studied
-what is changed

48
Q

individualism (independent model)

A

a person is separate fundamentally from others
-personal needs > group goals
-actions are under personal control, guided by own needs and preferences
-defined by self

49
Q

influences of drug use

A

biological: genetics, variation in neurotransmitter systems
psychological: lacking sense of purpose, significant stress. psychological disorders
social-cultural: difficult environment, cultural acceptance of drug use, negative peer influence

50
Q

insomnia

A

ongoing difficulty sleeping

51
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

can’t remember periods of day
-caused by lack pf B12, a direct result of drinking

52
Q

meta-analysis

A

combining the results of a study that has been repeated many times on a small scale to fine the meta data

53
Q

molecular behavior genetics

A

studies molecular structure and function of genes

54
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins
-develop from a single egg (genetically identical)

55
Q

mutation

A

random error in gene replication that leads to a change

56
Q

mutual constitution

A

creates us as we create it
e.g. culture

57
Q

narcolepsy

A

sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

58
Q

naturalistic observation

A

recording the natural behavior of many individuals
-describes but doesn’t explain

59
Q

negative correlation

A

two sets of scores relate inversely (↑↓)(↓↑)
-one goes up, the other down

60
Q

night terrors

A

extreme nightmares

61
Q

no correlation / no relationship

A

two sets of scores do not vary together at all

62
Q

NREM 2

A

clearly asleep but easily wakened, bursts of rapid rhythmic brain activity (sleep spindles)

63
Q

NREM 3 (delta waves)

A

Hard to awaken, large slow brain waves

64
Q

NREM1

A

slip into sleep, hypnic jerks, hallucination(esqe) images

65
Q

operational definition

A

carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
-defines terms
-keeps you from your own biases
-allows others to replicate and check the study

66
Q

Order of sleep stages

A

1) waking alpha waves
2) N1
3) N2
4) N3
5) REM

67
Q

overconfidence

A

people tend to think we know more than we do, we tend to be more confident than correct

68
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
-enables the brain to take care of routine business
-faster than conscious sequential processing

69
Q

perceiving order in random events

A

humans find patterns in random data

70
Q

placebo effect

A

results caused by expectation alone
-effects of an assumed agent which is actually inert (placebo)

71
Q

positive correlation

A

two sets of scores rise and fall together (↑↑)(↓↓)

72
Q

post-truth

A

describes a world where people’s emotions and beliefs often override their acceptance of facts
e.g. crime rate stats vs. crime rate beliefs

73
Q

postdiction

A

predicting it after it happens
e.g. risky plays w/ win vs. loss

74
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

75
Q

random assignment

A

equal chance of being in the control or experiment group despite any differences
-helps negate 3rd variable issue

76
Q

regression toward the mean

A

things almost always go back to normal, average results are more typical then extreme ones

77
Q

REM

A

Rapid brain waves, raised heartbeat, fast irregular breathing, eyes darting, dreams
-active motor cortex but not brainstems blocks messages(paralyzed)
-Genital arousal

78
Q

repetition

A

statements are more believable when repeated
-if enough people belive/remember something it essentially acts as a truth

79
Q

Risks of desynchronized circadian rhythm

A

fatigue, stomach problems, heart disease and breast cancer

80
Q

selection effect

A

we seek out peers with similar trait, attitudes and interests as us

81
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimuli
e.g. cocktail party effect

82
Q

sexual over-perception bias

A

single men think women are more into them than they are

83
Q

sleep apnea

A

stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping

84
Q

sleep debt

A

accumulation of poor sleeping habits
-brain keeps accurate track of sleep ‘owed’ for ~2 weeks

85
Q

sleepwalking

A

happens in N3

86
Q

social scripts

A

people act in ways that society has taught us

87
Q

substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and physical risk

88
Q

surveys and interviews

A

asking people questions
-answers may not be completely honest,
-wording and random sampling but representative of population are very important

89
Q

temperament

A

a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

90
Q

The 4 dream theories

A

1) Information processing: process days events, consolidate memories
2) Physiological function: brain stimulation to help develop and preserve neural pathways
3) Activation Synthesis: triggers neural activity and evokes random memories that our brain weaves into stories
4) Cognitive development: content reflects our cognitive levels, simulate what ifs of life

91
Q

The 4 dream theories

A

1) Information processing: process days events, consolidate memories
2) Physiological function: brain stimulation to help develop and preserve neural pathways
3) Activation Synthesis: triggers neural activity and evokes random memories that our brain weaves into stories
4) Cognitive development: content reflects our cognitive levels, simulates what-ifs of life

92
Q

The 5 Sleep theories

A

1) Sleep Protects: cavemen it was safer to be asleep when it was nighttime
2) Sleep helps us recoup: a chance for the brain and body to repair, re-wire and reorganize
3) Restore and rebuild memories: sleep moves recent experiences from the hippocampus (short term) to elsewhere in the cortex (long term)
4) Sleep feeds creative thinking: eureka moments/ sleeping on it
5) sleep supports growth: the growth hormone is released during NREM3

93
Q

theory

A

explains behaviours or events by offering ideas that organize observations

94
Q

tolerance

A

the more often you use the more you nee to have the desired effect

95
Q

tricks to recall dreams

A

awakened directly after REM and tells/writes about dreams

96
Q

truthiness

A

what you feel is true without any backup
e.g. people will be more inclined to say any fact paired with pictures is true compared to without them

97
Q

W.E.I.R.D

A

White Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic
-majority of the participants in psych studies

98
Q

waking alpha waves

A

awake but relaxed state

99
Q

what happens to rats in impoverished environments vs rats in enriching environments?

A

impoverished rats have way smaller brain cells then the enriched rats

-gene-environment interaction (nature AND nurture)

100
Q

use it or lose it

A

less traveled neural pathways weaken in disuse, the more a neural pathway is used the stronger it gets

101
Q

epigenetic tags/markers

A

tags that turn on and off genes impacting the expression of a gene, but not the DNA sequence

102
Q

causes of epigenic tags

A

diet, drugs, trauma, smoking, thoughts, lifestyle habits
can be inherited from parents or grandparents

103
Q

epigenome

A

all the epigenetic tags that mark your DNA

Psych Exam 1 (1 decks)

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