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Geology 113L > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 Characteristics of Minerals

A

naturally occurring, homogenous, solid, definite chemical composition, crystaline structure

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2
Q

T/F Quartz is hard and doesn’t weather easily

A

True

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3
Q

Which Mica is light colored?

A

Muscovite

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4
Q

Which feldspar is Pink

A

Orthoclase

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5
Q

Which feldspar is white?

A

plagioclase

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6
Q

Dark, Hard mineral

A

Amphibole/hornblend

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7
Q

Two main parts of Lithification

A

compaction and cementation

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8
Q

What is lithification

A

how sediments become sed rocks

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9
Q

3 types of Sed rocks

A

clastic, biogenic, chemical

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10
Q

High or Low energy: deep marine

A

low

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11
Q

High or Low energy: shoreline

A

high

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12
Q

High or Low energy: lagoon

A

low

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13
Q

High or Low energy: river

A

high

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14
Q

High or Low energy: shallow marine

A

high

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15
Q

High or Low energy:eolian

A

high

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16
Q

3 main depositional environments?

A

marine, shoreline, continental

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17
Q

Cross beds H or L energy?

A

high

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18
Q

What depositional environment makes large cross beds?

A

Eolian

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19
Q

What depositional environment makes small cross beds?

A

fluvial (stream)

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20
Q

WhatDepositional environment makes ripple marks?

A

shallow water

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21
Q

3 causes of metamorphism?

A

heat, pressure, chemical

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22
Q

What must be present for chemical metamorphism?

A

water, temperature

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23
Q

What happens to heat as you go deeper into earth’s surface?

A

increases

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24
Q

3 types of metamorphism

A

Burial(regional), contact, hydrothermal

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25
Q

Alignment of minerals in meta rocks

A

foliation

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26
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: slate

A

foliated

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27
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: phyllite

A

foliated

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28
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: schist

A

foliated

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29
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: gneiss

A

foliated

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30
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: marble

A

non-foliated

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31
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: quartzite

A

non-foliated

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32
Q

Foliated or Non-foliated: metaconglomerate

A

non-foliated

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33
Q

protolith of slate

A

shale

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34
Q

protolith of phyllite

A

slate

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35
Q

protolith of schist

A

phyllite

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36
Q

protolith of gneiss

A

schist

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37
Q

protolith of marble

A

limestone

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38
Q

protolith of quartzite

A

sandstone

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39
Q

protolith of metaconglomerate

A

conglomerate

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40
Q

What does texture refer to in Igneous rocks?

A

crystal size

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41
Q

What does composition refer to in igneous rocks?

A

color

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42
Q

dark igneous composition

A

mafic

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43
Q

light igneous composition

A

felsic

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44
Q

aphanitic texture

A

no visible crystals

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45
Q

phaneritic texture

A

visible mineral crystals

46
Q

porphyritic texture

A

mix of phaneritic and aphanitic

47
Q

pegmatitic texture

A

huge mineral crystals

48
Q

glassy texture

A

no crystals

49
Q

vesicular texture

A

holes through rock

50
Q

Why would a rock be vesicular?

A

gas bubbles in magma

51
Q

felsic phaneritic rock

A

granite

52
Q

4 composition categories

A

felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultra mafic

53
Q

felsic aphanitic rock

A

rhyolite

54
Q

intermediate phaneritic rock

A

diorite

55
Q

intermediate aphanitic rock

A

andesite

56
Q

Mafic phaneritic rock

A

gabbro

57
Q

mafic aphanitic rock

A

basalt

58
Q

granite metamorphoses to?

A

granite gneiss

59
Q

basalt metamorphoses to?

A

green/blue schist

60
Q

loose, mixed material covering solid rock

A

regolith

61
Q

two types of weathering

A

mechanincal, chemical

62
Q

5 types of mechanical weathering

A

pressure release fracturing, frost wedging, abrasion, organic activity, thermal expansion and contraction

63
Q

3 types of chemical weathering

A

dissolution, hydrolysis, oxidation

64
Q

the dissolving of rocks and minerals

A

dissolution

65
Q

alteration of one mineral into another in the presence of water

A

hydrolysis

66
Q

Soil level order (top to bottom)

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

67
Q

soil level with mostly organic material

A

O horizon

68
Q

Soil level containing both organic and mineral material

A

A horizon

69
Q

soil level containing almost all mineral material

A

E horizon

70
Q

A and E horizons make this zone

A

zone of leeching

71
Q

Zone of Accumulation

A

B horizon

72
Q

soil level containing the leeched components like clay, iron oxides, silica and carbonates

A

B horizon

73
Q

soil level containing partially weathered parent material

A

C horizon

74
Q

Soil level containing unweathered parent material

A

R horizon

75
Q

6 major agents of erosion

A

surface water, underground water, glaciers, wind, waves, gravity

76
Q

2 slow-moving mass wasting types

A

creep, solifluction

77
Q

creep cause mass wasting

A

freezing thawing/ wetting drying

78
Q

solifluction cause mass wasting

A

soggy mass oozing downhill

79
Q

mass wasting where rock falls

A

rock fall

80
Q

mass wasting where rock slides

A

rock slide

81
Q

mass wasting where debris falls

A

debris fall

82
Q

mass wasting where debris slides

A

slump

83
Q

mass wasting where debris flows

A

debris flow

84
Q

debris

A

rocks and regolith

85
Q

how long ago was the big bang?

A

13.8 Ba

86
Q

how long ago did the solar system form?

A

4.6 Ba

87
Q

4 steps of history of the universe

A

big bang(13.8Ba), galaxies stars planets formed and sometimes destroyed, a particular red giant exploded (7Ba), solar system forms from the debris from the red giant (4.6Ba)

88
Q

superclusters are made of?

A

clusters

89
Q

clusters are made of?

A

galaxies

90
Q

galaxies are made of?

A

stars

91
Q

is our solar system positioned uniquely?

A

no

92
Q

What arm of the milky way are we on?

A

Orion arm

93
Q

what elements were created in the big bang?

A

hydrogen and helium

94
Q

what elements form in stars

A

elements lighter than iron

95
Q

what elements are formed in supernova

A

elements heavier than iron

96
Q

what is the nebular hypothesis?

A

hypothesis for how our solar system formed

97
Q

order of planets

A

mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn uranus, neptune

98
Q

why rocky inner and gassy outer planets?

A

solar winds pushed lighter(gas) elements further from sun

99
Q

why is pluto not a planet

A

it’s too small, its orbit is too elliptical, and it isn’t on the correct orbital plane

100
Q

5 steps of earth’s formation

A

Step 1: Accretion of cm-sized
particles via small-scale electrostatic
processes (static electricity)
Step 2: Accretion on the km scale via
physical collision
Step 3: Accretion on 10-100 km scale
via gravitational attraction
Step 4: Molten protoplanet from the
heat of accretion
Step 5: Differentiation of Earth (Light Elements Float)

101
Q

what is the “Iron Catastrophe”

A

differentiation of the earth

102
Q

Thickness of crust

A

7-70 km

103
Q

Thickness of mantle

A

2900 km

104
Q

radius of core

A

3500 km

105
Q

main elements in crust

A

O, Si, Al

106
Q

main elements in mantle

A

Fe, Mg

107
Q

main elements in core

A

Fe, Ni

108
Q

Two types of crust

A

continental, oceanic

109
Q

elevation of continental crust

A

about sea level

110
Q

elevation of oceanic crust

A

4000 meters below sea level

Geology 113L (1 decks)

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