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BIOL102 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic Science

A

application of science to the law

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2
Q

Forensic Sciences (list)

A

biology, chemistry, Behavioral sciences, physics, anthro/archae, toxicology, math, engineering, document examination, cyber technology

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3
Q

CSI (Crime Scene Investigator)

A

Usually a police officer, may(not) have science background or trained in forensic sciences

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4
Q

CSI Duties

A

how to spot/recognize/collect/preserve/document evidence

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5
Q

Chain of Custody

A

Who has access to the evidence during the investigation

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6
Q

Forensic Scientist

A

civilian, train CSI, ½ job in the lab analyzing evidence
½ job in courtroom

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7
Q

Physical Science Unit

A

chemistry, physics, geology (soil)

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8
Q

Biological Science Unit

A

blood, bodily fluids, bacteria, viruses, plants, anatomy, DNA

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9
Q

Firearms Unit

A

Weapons and bullets

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10
Q

Document Examination Unit

A

Forgery

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11
Q

Photography Unit

A

prepare graphics, diagrams, tables, etc.

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12
Q

Scientific Method (Inquiry)

A

Removes personal biases, beliefs, and preconceptions
Look at things scientifically using data

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13
Q

principles of scientific method

A

To provide a safety net to ensure that the outcome of the investigation is not tainted by human emotion or compromised by distorting, belittling or ignoring contrary evidence

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14
Q

Crime/forensics

A

formulate a question, formulate hypothesis, scientific inquiry, findings/data, trial in court

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15
Q

Scientific Method

A

Objective/purpose
Hypothesis
Methodology
Results
Conclusions

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16
Q

Scientific Measurement & Experimental Errors

A

Will always encounter errors with quantitative data
Collect a large sample size to be able to conduct experiments

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17
Q

Gross Errors

A

human blunders

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18
Q

Systemic Errors

A

errors with instruments that is consistently repeated each time a particular instrument is used

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19
Q

Crime Scene Investigation: Discovery of Crime

A

Similar to archaeology sites (timing, plan of attack, safety issues, appropriate personnel, controlling the scene, documentations

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20
Q

First Officer’s Response

A

Make sure the perpetrator is not there, tend to the injured, call for backup, secure crime scene

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21
Q

Modus Operandi

A

pattern/method of operation that the perpetrator repeatedly uses during an illegal act

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22
Q

Systemic Searches

A

Line, Grid, Zone, Spiral

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23
Q

Documentation

A

sketch and photograph scene, druggists fold (series of folding items in a bag, separate)

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24
Q

Reconstruction of the crime

A

Context/type of crime, type of crime scene

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25
Q

Microscope

A

An optical instrument that uses a lens or combination of lenses to magnify an object for details

26
Q

Reasons for its Popularity

A

Preparation of the sample is minimal
Microscope can be used for identification
Microscope: (a) non-destructive to the sample
Sample quantity is very minimal
Microscopy -> versatile
Magnification power
Compare two objects side by side
Add a high-resolution camera to a microscope
Link microscope to other analytical instruments

27
Q

Compound Microscope

A

Maximum magnification x 450 of object
Image is inverted

28
Q

Comparison microscope

A

Two samples to view side-by-side
To compare samples ex: bullets from the same gun

29
Q

Polarizing microscope

A

Examination of minerals and metals (Soil analysis)
Polarizes light
Crystals birefringence = optical property of a material using a refractive index that depends on polarization and propagation of direction of light

30
Q

Stereomicroscope

A

Space between the stage and objective lens is greater than compound microscopes
Image is upright

31
Q

Microspectral batometer

A

Measures the intensity of wavelengths in the light spectrum
Absorption spectrum
How light is absorbed by sample

32
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Does not use light
All previous microscopes use light
Image is formed by aiming a beam of electrons into the sample and studying electron emission
High magnification(low as x10 - x100,000) and resolution

33
Q

Evidence

A

Anything that tends to prove or disprove something at issue
Must be relevant
Must be material and pertains to the particular crime being investigated and not some previous incident
Must be probative, actually proves something, and has a point in the case

34
Q

Physical Evidence

A

objects/things “touch and feel”
Ex: hair, gun, bullet, blood, etc.

35
Q

Nonphysical Evidence

A

verbal testimony about a crime or someone’s action during a crime, feelings/emotions/what someone…
Ex: witness testimony (recount)

36
Q

Real Evidence

A

generated by the criminal activity
Found at crime scene/elsewhere and pertains to the crime
Ex: bullet casing, tool impression, blood, glass, etc.

37
Q

Demonstrative Evidence

A

created to help explain/clarify real evidence
Produced after the crime and not by the crime
Performed to illustrate the significance or value of evidence
Ex: investigators collect evidence and put them together, notes, diagrams, charts, simulation

38
Q

Known Evidence

A

pieces of evidence that we know belongs to an individual

39
Q

Unknown Evidence

A

pieces of evidence that we don’t know who it belongs to

40
Q

Individual Evidence

A

evidence arises only from one source, and features are unique
Ex: bottom of shoes are worn differently “Wear and tear”, fingerprints, dna, blood, shot bullets, etc.

41
Q

Class Evidence

A

arise from several sources, shared by one group
Ex: groups of people, groups of clothing, shoes, plants

42
Q

IAFIS

A

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
Maintained by FBI

42
Q

CODIS

A

Enables fed, state, and local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and compare DNA profiles
Maintained by FBI

43
Q

NIBIN

A

National Integrated Ballistics Information Network
Allows firearms analysts to acquire, digitize and compare bullets and cartridges recovered from crime scenses
Maintained by the bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

44
Q

PDQ

A

International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query Make and models from cars
Paint evidence can be analyzed through the database
Contains chemical and color information pertaining to the original automotive paints
Develops and maintained by the Forensic Laboratory Services of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

45
Q

Blood Composition - Plasma

A

liquid portion of blood, 55% total blood volume, 90% water
Substances dissolved in plasma
Proteins, nutrients, fats, hormones, salts and minerals, electrolytes, antibodies
and

46
Q

Blood Composition - Cells

A

45% of blood volume

47
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

(RBC; erythrocytes)
Transport gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) throughout our body to and from cells
Inhale oxygen, RBC pumps the blood, circulates
Formed in bone marrow
Heme unit (hemoglobulin)
No nucleus (no nuclear DNA)
Lifespan ~ 120 days

48
Q

White blood cells

A

(WBC; leukocytes)
Immune responses
Formed in lymph nodes
Have a nucleus (nuclear DNA)
Lifespan ~ 3-20 days

49
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Blood clotting mechanism
Irregularly shaped cell fragments
Lifespan ~ 5-9 days

50
Q

Blood Groups/Types

A

Need same blood type, Different blood types create anti-bodies and attach to antigens clumping blood cells

51
Q

Blood Typing

A

RBC - antigens ag (proteins) for specific blood type

52
Q

Types and Antigens

A

O - no antugen

53
Q

Rh Factor

A

negative or positive,
Rh+ = presence of Rh proteins <- more prevalent
Rh- = absence of Rh protein

54
Q

Preliminary Tests - Luminol

A

regent, Luminol → H2O2/heme→ aminophtalate (emits light on its own), chemiluminesce
Lasts for 30 secs
No thickening agent added

55
Q

Preliminary Tests -Fluorescein

A

Fluoresciein → H2O2/heme→ fluorescence of “bloody spots”
Need to shine a short wave light
Has a hickening agent added to be used on vertical surfaces

56
Q

Confirmatory Tests - Teichmann and Takayama

A

Crystallizing reagent + blood (heme) = formation of tiny crystals

57
Q

Species Determination

A

Immunoprecipitation typing ← species determination for human blood
Hexagon OBT I - portable test for human blood
Human blood - 2 lines (control and positive)

58
Q

Geometry of Blood Stains - Surface Texture

A

hard/porous surface → less splatter
rough surface → irregular shaped stains with serated edges

59
Q

Shape of Blood Drop

A

→ direction from which it comes from
→ angle of impact = sinA = w/l
→ 48 inches or higher, all droplets have the same diameter

60
Q

forward spatted

A

spatter projected outward and away from source (exit wound

61
Q

back spatter

A

blood projected from source (entrance wound)

BIOL102 (2 decks)

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